Deterrence and fare evasion: Results of a natural experiment

Clarke, Ronald V.; Contre, Stephane; Petrossian, Gohar A.

doi:10.1057/sj.2009.15

Cited by 40 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Therefore, strategies impeding the access to transportation system could be useful to counteract this cluster. Besides, this cluster is always present and it is largely accepted by PTCs e.g., [12].…”

Section: Strategies For Reducing Fare Evasionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Segmenting Fare Evader Groups by Factor and Cluster Analysis

Salis¹,

Barabino²,

Useli³

2017

WIT Transactions on the Built Environment

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In proof-of-payment transit systems, fare evasion represents a crucial topic and undermines financial viability for public transport companies (PTCs). Two studies segmented all transit passengers by using qualitative research and explorative two-step cluster analysis as well as web-survey data. However, as far as the authors know, no study segmented exclusively the fare evader passengers, with the aim to know deeply characteristics of distinct groups, and to use data gathered from an intercept survey. Moreover, the combined use of a factorial and a cluster analysis was not adopted to solve this issue. By using 850 on-board personal interviews, gathered from an Italian PTC, a Multiple Correspondence Analysis and a Hierarchical Cluster Analysis have been performed to group the fare evader passengers. Three clusters of evaders' passengers are derived: 1) the chronic, 2) the calculated-risk and 3) the accidental fare evader. The chronic cluster includes passengers who always evade the fare, and represents a medium numerous groups of fare evaders. The calculated-risk cluster includes passengers who usually evade the fare and represents the most numerous group of evaders. The accidental cluster includes passengers who rarely evades the fare and represents the less numerous groups. These outcomes are very relevant and useful for both research and practice. Indeed, this paper contributes to the empirical understanding of the determinants of being a fare evader for a selected group. Moreover, it helps PTCs understand how evaders' groups differ each other, adopt suitable strategies for each group and evaluate their effects.

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Section: Strategies For Reducing Fare Evasionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Segmenting Fare Evader Groups by Factor and Cluster Analysis

Salis¹,

Barabino²,

Useli³

2017

WIT Transactions on the Built Environment

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“…These studies indicate the fare dodging depends on such factors as financial strains of offenders, lack of surveillance, or peak traveling (e.g., Smith and Clarke 2000). Deterrence-oriented studies examine the effectiveness of measures (e.g., physical entry and exit barriers, automatic fare collection systems, penalty enforcement, and control work) to enhance apprehension chances and reduce evasion rates (e.g., Clarke et al 2010;Smith and Clarke 2000;Suquet 2010). …”

Section: Forms Of Corrupt Consumer Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Who Approves Fraudulence? Configurational Causes of Consumers’ Unethical Judgments

Leischnig

Woodside

2017

J Bus Ethics

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Corrupt behavior presents major challenges for organizations in a wide range of settings. This article embraces a complexity theoretical perspective to elucidate the causal patterns of factors underlying consumers' unethical judgments. This study examines how causal conditions of four distinct domains combine into configurational causes of unethical judgments of two frequent forms of corrupt consumer behavior: shoplifting and fare dodging. The findings of fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analyses indicate alternative, consistently sufficient ''recipes'' for the outcomes of interest. This study extends prior work on the topic by offering new insights into the interplay and the interconnected structures of multiple causal factors and by describing configurational causes of consumers' ethical evaluations of corrupt behaviors. This knowledge may support practitioners and policy makers to develop education and control approaches to thwart corrupt consumer behaviors.

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“…To conclude, it can be observed that despite growing literature about fare evasion and ticket forgery in public transport [4,42,44,[49][50][51][52], there has been rather little research so far on this topic with practical relevance, particularly from an economic perspective [7].…”

Section: Fare Evasion and Ticket Forgery As Threats To The Financial mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the use of public transport services is usually not free of charge for passengers. Although tariffs are frequently subsidised, revenues generated by ticket sales are an important source of income for transport companies and make a significant contribution to keeping the system financially viable [1][2][3][4]. The problems of fare evasion (free-riding, fare dodging or toll fraud; i.e., people using a transport service without paying for it) and ticket forgery (ticket fraud, ticket falsification; i.e., the production of an illegal ticket facsimile) are, of course, not new to transport industries [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While passengers are, in general, rather insensitive to changes in prices or payment systems and much more sensitive to changes in travel time and service improvements [10], the losses caused by fare dodging and ticket fraud are substantial [3]. Thus, transport companies need to react to recent developments if they want to avoid a considerable loss of income at present and in the future [4]. From an academic viewpoint, most research on transit fare evasion and ticket forgery focuses on how system design and engineering factors can reduce fare evasion and focus either on the impact of physical control methods (e.g., ticket gates vs. proof-of-payment) or the influence of control processes such as inspection rates and fines [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fare Evasion and Ticket Forgery in Public Transport: Insights from Germany, Austria and Switzerland

Fürst

Herold

2018

Societies

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Local public transport companies provide important mobility services to the general public. Although these services are usually subsidised, companies rely on revenues generated by ticket sales. Therefore, fare evasion (i.e., people using a transport service without paying for it) and ticket forgery (the production of an illegal ticket facsimile) have considerable influence on the companies’ economic sustainability. As existing research regarding the economic perspective is limited, this paper presents a Delphi study that investigates the phenomena with a survey of experts in public transport companies and transport associations in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. The findings of the survey provide insights into the overall perception and discuss relevant aspects of both fare evasion and ticket forgery, thereby not only highlighting practical implications, but also helping policy makers shape adequate policies for public transport in societies.

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Deterrence and fare evasion: Results of a natural experiment

Cited by 40 publications

References 6 publications

Segmenting Fare Evader Groups by Factor and Cluster Analysis

Segmenting Fare Evader Groups by Factor and Cluster Analysis

Who Approves Fraudulence? Configurational Causes of Consumers’ Unethical Judgments

Fare Evasion and Ticket Forgery in Public Transport: Insights from Germany, Austria and Switzerland

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