Deuterium retention in molten salt electrodeposition tungsten coatings

$\langle 0\,0\,{\rm 1}\rangle $ edge dislocation nucleation mechanism of surface blistering in tungsten exposed to deuterium plasma

“…H-induced blistering in W would degrade PFM performance and increase tritium retention. While blistering in W has been investigated by worldwide research groups at different linear plasma devices (LPDs) and tokamaks [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19], the mechanism of blistering is still debated.…”

Comparing simulated and experimental spectral line splitting in visible spectroscopy diagnostics in the HL-2A tokamak

“…where E L is the Lorentz electric field due to NBI injection, V beam is the neutral particles' velocity, B is the magnetic field, including the toroidal B τ and the poloidal B p , Δλ is the spectral line wavelength splitting, h is the Planck constant, e is the electron charge, m e is the electron mass, λ is the centre wavelength of the spectral, g is the Lande factor, and M is the magnetic quantum number. The angle between the LOS and the E L determine the splitting spectral intensity ratio between I π and I σ , which can be used to calculate the safety factor q, as shown in equations (10) and (11). We reconstruct the splitting spectral caused by E L and calculate the q with the spatial profile.…”

“…The observation angle β between the LOS and V beam can be calculated according to figure 1(d). Therefore, by calculating the angle θ between LOS and E using the I π /I σ ratio from equation (10), we can calculate the angle between V beam and the magnetic field B. The geometric relationship of the angles can be obtained from appendix A.…”

“…Another source of systematic error is from the I π /I σ ratio measurement. We assume that the diagnostic system has the same sensitivity for π and σ polarized light, T f = 1 in equation (10). However, this assumption causes a system error [50].…”

“…Since the reflected light in the neutral beam region has a high Doppler wavelength shift, it can be effectively excluded in P-VSD spectra analysis. The spectra of H/D, He 3 /He 4 , W and neutral beam injection (NBI) with different energies (the full energy E, the half energy E/2, the one-third energy E/3, and maybe the oneeighteenth energy E/18) sometimes overlap with each other and are indistinguishable [9][10][11][12]. Reducing or eliminating the reflected stray light has become essential to VSD.…”