Devastating intimacy: the cell biology of plant–<i>Phytophthora</i> interactions

Boevink, Petra C.; Birch, Paul R. J.; Turnbull, Dionne; Whisson, Stephen C.

doi:10.1111/nph.16650

Cited by 76 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 129 publications

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“…Previous reports have demonstrated that P. infestans can enter the leaf either via stomata or by penetrating the periclinal wall of epidermal cells, and the colocalization of some defence proteins in guard cells may function as a preformed defence barrier (Judelson and Ah‐Fong, 2019; Hoegen et al, 2002; Li et al, 2015). Recently, Boevink et al (2020) suggested that the sporangiophores of P. infestans commonly emerge through stomata, and this must involve manipulation of stomatal regulation. In this context, our results show that StLTP10 exhibits a cooperative action with PYL4 to regulate stomatal closure during P. infestans infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After treatment with the same concentration of ABA, the stomata of StLTP10-overexpressing leaves were more susceptible to ABA than those of WT leaves, while the stomata of (Judelson and Ah-Fong, 2019;Hoegen et al, 2002;Li et al, 2015). Recently, Boevink et al (2020) suggested that the sporangiophores of P. infestans commonly emerge through stomata, and this must involve manipulation of stomatal regulation. In this context, our results show that StLTP10 exhibits a cooperative action with PYL4 to regulate stomatal closure during P. infestans infection.…”

Section: F I G U R Ementioning

confidence: 99%

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A nonspecific lipid transfer protein, StLTP10, mediates resistance to Phytophthora infestans in potato

Wang

Gao

Zhang

et al. 2020

Molecular Plant Pathology

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Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is one of the most important food and economic crops in the world. However, similar to other plants, potato yield and quality are severely impaired by various microbial pathogens during the life cycle. Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight, is a major threat to potato production. Late blight can occur at any time of the growing season, causing serious economic and output losses for field-grown potato. Given its lethality, wide host range, and broad geographical distribution, the pathogen is considered one of the most destructive pathogens in agricultural systems (Kamoun et al., 2015; Nowicki et al., 2012). Plants have evolved an effective innate immune system to fight pathogens. Generally, the system includes two types: microbe-or pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) (Dodds and Rathjen, 2010;

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: F I G U R Ementioning

confidence: 99%

A nonspecific lipid transfer protein, StLTP10, mediates resistance to Phytophthora infestans in potato

Wang

Gao

Zhang

et al. 2020

Molecular Plant Pathology

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“…5a) and in both avirulent ( Pst ), virulent ( PsthopQ1‐1 ) and Agrobacterium tumefaciens challenges of N. benthamiana , transient expression of effectors or viral proteins such as p50, or following exogeneous application of ROS (Erickson et al ., 2014; Caplan et al ., 2015; Ding et al ., 2019). Pathogen effects on stromule formation and chloroplast–nuclear association is remarkably similar to cROS‐mediated high light responses (Exposito‐Rodriguez et al ., 2017) and oxidative stress imposed by silencing of NTRC (Brunkard et al ., 2015).…”

Section: Cellular Reorganization During Infection Stromules and Perimentioning

confidence: 99%

Chloroplast immunity illuminated

Littlejohn¹,

Breen

Smirnoff

et al. 2020

New Phytologist

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Summary The chloroplast has recently emerged as pivotal to co‐ordinating plant defence responses and as a target of plant pathogens. Beyond its central position in oxygenic photosynthesis and primary metabolism – key targets in the complex virulence strategies of diverse pathogens – the chloroplast integrates, decodes and responds to environmental signals. The capacity of chloroplasts to synthesize phytohormones and a diverse range of secondary metabolites, combined with retrograde and reactive oxygen signalling, provides exquisite flexibility to both perceive and respond to biotic stresses. These processes also represent a plethora of opportunities for pathogens to evolve strategies to directly or indirectly target ‘chloroplast immunity’. This review covers the contribution of the chloroplast to pathogen associated molecular pattern and effector triggered immunity as well as systemic acquired immunity. We address phytohormone modulation of immunity and surmise how chloroplast‐derived reactive oxygen species underpin chloroplast immunity through indirect evidence inferred from genetic modification of core chloroplast components and direct pathogen targeting of the chloroplast. We assess the impact of transcriptional reprogramming of nuclear‐encoded chloroplast genes during disease and defence and look at future research challenges.

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“…The molecular interaction between phytopathogenic oomycetes and plants is a well-orchestrated and highly dynamic process [287,288,289].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RxLR and CRN effectors of the spinach downy mildew Peronospora effusa and their interacting plant proteins

Neilen¹

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Cellular programming: Immune signaling P. infestans effector Pi02860 was found to repress immune signaling through indirect manipulation of SWAP70, a positive regulator of infestin 1 (INF1)-triggered cell death [84, 108]. The effector was found to interact with StNRL1 (NPH3/RPT2-like), a predicted substrate adaptor of a CULLIN3-associated ubiquitin E3 ligase [109]. Silencing of the N. benthamiana ortholog of NLR1 abolished the ability of Pi02860 to suppress cell death and led to reduced plant colonization by P. infestans. These observations suggest that NRL1 is a susceptibility factor that negatively regulates immunity. NLR1 homodimers were found to bind SWAP70, a guanine exchange factor that positively regulates cell death, and target it for proteasome-mediated degradation. By interacting with NRL1 P. infestans effector Pi02860 enhances the turnover of SWAP70, thereby suppressing the cell death response [84]. Cellular programming: Hormone signaling The tight and accurate regulation of plant immune responses is regulated by defense hormones. Generally, salicylic acid is induced upon infection with biotrophic pathogens while jasmonic acid and ethylene are upregulated when a plant is attacked by a necrotrophic pathogen or herbivore. These opposite hormonal signaling networks are known to antagonize each other to optimally arm the plant to fight off the current attacker. The crosstalk between the hormone pathways is exploited by a RxLR effector of H. arabidopsidis. Effector HaRxL10 was shown to interact with JAZ3, a transcriptional repressor involved in jasmonic acid signaling, and to target it for proteasome-mediated degradation. Degradation of JAZ3 led to enhanced jasmonic acid signaling and eventually reduced SA-signaling mediated by the release of the JAZ3-guarded MYC2 transcription factor. Arabidopsis plants expressing HaRxL10 also showed enhanced susceptibility to the biotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. DC3000 compared to Col-0 [93]. General introduction 1 25 Cellular programming: transcriptional and posttranscriptional manipulation Cellular reprogramming by oomycete effectors can occurs through gene regulation [86] and post transcriptionally through alternative splicing [100] and interference with RNA silencing [110]. P. sojae RxLR effector PsAvh23 was found to reduce histone acetylation levels thereby suppressing the activation of defense genes [98]. DNA in cells is organized around nucleosomes, that consist of an octamer of basic proteins called histones. Acetylation of the tails of these proteins by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) is associated with enhanced gene transcription whereas histone deacetylases (HDACs) reverse the modification and repress gene transcription [111] In plants, the HAT General Control Non-depressive 5 (GCN5) is part of the prototypical nucleosome-acetylating modification complex. GCN5 is modulated by Alteration/Deficiency IN Activation 2 (ADA2) that directs the complex to the histone H3-tail. PsAvh23 competitively binds to ADA2 leading to reduced HAT activity of GCN5 hen...

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Devastating intimacy: the cell biology of plant–Phytophthora interactions

Cited by 76 publications

References 129 publications

A nonspecific lipid transfer protein, StLTP10, mediates resistance to Phytophthora infestans in potato

A nonspecific lipid transfer protein, StLTP10, mediates resistance to Phytophthora infestans in potato

Chloroplast immunity illuminated

RxLR and CRN effectors of the spinach downy mildew Peronospora effusa and their interacting plant proteins

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