Developing a core outcome set for childhood obesity prevention: A systematic review

Abstract

Synthesis of effects of infant feeding interventions to prevent childhood obesity is limited by outcome measurement and reporting heterogeneity. Core outcome sets (COSs) represent standardised approaches to outcome selection and reporting. The aim of this review is to identify feeding outcomes used in infant feeding studies to inform an infant feeding COS for obesity prevention interventions. The databases EMBASE, Medline, CINAHL, CENTRAL, and PsycINFO searched from inception to February 2017. Studies eligible for inclusion must examine any infant feeding outcome in children ≤1 year. Feeding outcomes include those measured using self-report and/or observational methods and include dietary intake, parent-child interaction, and parental beliefs, among others. Data were extracted using a standardised data extraction form. Outcomes were assigned to outcome domains using an inductive, iterative process with a multidisciplinary team. We identified 82 unique outcomes, representing nine outcome domains. Outcome domains were "breast and formula feeding," "introduction of solids," "parent feeding practices and styles," "parent knowledge and beliefs," "practical feeding," "food environment," "dietary intake," "perceptions of infant behaviour and preferences," and "child weight outcomes." Heterogeneity in definition and frequency of outcomes was noted in reviewed studies. "Introduction of solids" (59.5%) and "breastfeeding duration" (55.5%) were the most frequently reported outcomes. Infant feeding studies focus predominantly on consumption of milks and solids and infant weight. Less focus is given to modifiable parental and environmental factors. An infant feeding COS can minimise heterogeneity in selection and reporting of infant feeding outcomes for childhood obesity prevention interventions.

Outcomes in pediatric studies of medium-chain acyl-coA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency and phenylketonuria (PKU): a review

“…We reviewed pediatric literature related to MCAD deficiency and PKU to identify the scope of reported and recommended outcomes. Similar to reviews of outcomes reporting in other clinical areas [26][27][28], we found substantial diversity of outcomes reported across the five core areas of outcome measurement for both diseases. Notably, almost a third of outcomes for MCAD deficiency and over 15% for PKU were reported in only a single study.…”

The Early Introduction of Complementary (Solid) Foods: A Prospective Cohort Study of Infants in Chengdu, China

“…The early introduction of solids increases the risk of diarrheal disease, food allergies, and probably increases the rate of being overweight in infancy and childhood [6,7]. It is estimated that worldwide there are 41 million children under five years old who are obese or overweight, and recent reviews have strengthened the reported association between the early introduction of solids, particularly introduction before the age of four months, and higher protein foods and obesity [8,9,10,11]. The gastrointestinal microbiome is influenced by early infant feeding practices, including the early introduction of complementary foods.…”

Bottle‐feeding an infant feeding modality: An integrative literature review

“…Parent/carer response to their infant's needs during feeding requires an understanding of their infant's communication. However, a recent systematic review of infant feeding interventions discussed limited evidence on parent/caregiver knowledge concerning responsive feeding practices (Matvienko‐Sikar et al, ). Responsive feeding has been suggested as a learned behaviour between the dyad and is a reciprocal activity (Appleton et al, ; Oxford, & Findlay, D.…”