“…Several studies on assessment especially on the development of HOTS-based instruments have been carried out (Rintayati, P, 2021;Su, 2020;Hidayat, 2020;Luo, 2020;Rahayu, 2020;Subia, G.S, 2020;Risna, 2020;Kurniawan, 2019 ;Istiyono, E, 2019;Semilarski, 2019;Wahono, 2019;Utomo, 2018;Hamdi, 2018;Kusuma, 2017;Ahmad, 2017;Kurbanoglu, 2017;Barz, 2017;Saat, 2016;Samritin, 2016;Hanum, 2015 ;Park, 2014;Muhammad, 2014;Lemons, 2013;Koksal, 2010). However, their study only focus on the development of diagnostic instruments, the introduction and development of the HOTS instruments in general to measure students' scientific reasoning skills to achieve the target scores of PISA and TIMSS international standards.…”