Developing a Housing Program in a Southern City

Graves, Lesley; Fletcher, Alfred H.

doi:10.2105/ajph.27.7.645

Cited by 2 publications

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“…Data collected in 1935 and 1936 during the National Health and Survey in the USA showed an excessive incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, diarrhoea, enteritis and colitis among persons living in housing lacking private inside flush toilets, as compared with families having a private inside flush toilet (Britten, 1942). In another study which was published in 1935, it was demonstrated that the prevalence of typhoid fever (and infant mortality) was significantly higher in those neighbourhoods in Memphis, Tennessee, in which there were a preponderance of houses lacking indoor flush toilets (Graves and Fletcher, 1935).…”

Section: Disposal Of Excreta and Enteric Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Unhealthy Housing

Burridge¹,

Ormandy²

2005

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Phototypeset in 10/12.Spt Trump Medieval by Intype, LondonThe Open Access version of this book, available at www.tandfebooks.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. ISBN 9780419154105 (hbk)A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data Unhealthy housing : research, remedies, and reform / edited by Roger Burridge and David Ormandy. -1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-419-15410-8 (acid-free paper) 1. Housing and health. 2. Housing and health-Great Britain. 3. Housing policy. 4. Housing policy-Great Britain. I. Burridge, Roger. II. Ormandy, David. RA770.U55 1993 362.l '969'8-dc20 92-21146 CIP Publisher's Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original may be apparent CONTENTS List of contributors ix Preface xii Introduction xv Part One The Parameters of Health and Housing Research 42 3.3 Health and illness: individual or collective attributes? 46 3.4 'Aggregate health' and housing 3.5 The ecological and atomist fallacies 3.6 The causes of health and illness 3. 7 Identifying community health and doing something about it 59 Bibliography Part Two The Identification and Evaluation of Hazards 4 Damp and mouldy housing: a holistic approach Sonja Hunt 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Housing as a health hazard 4.3 Dampness, mould growth and health status 78 4.4 Longitudinal studies 4.5 Long-term effects Bibliography 5 Dampness, mould growth and respiratory disease in children hwS~~~ ~ 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The scope of epidemiological research 5.3 Epidemiological studies of dampness, mould growth and respiratory disease in children 5.4 A population survey of damp housing and childhood asthma 5.5 Objective measurement of asthma 102 5.6 Measurement of airborne mould spores 106 5.7 Assessment of causality 108 5.8 Conclusion 112 Acknowledgements 113 Bibliography 114 6 Cold-and heat-related illnesses in the indoor environment K. J. Collins 11 7 6.1 Introduction 117 iv CONTENTS 6.2 Thermal factors and health 119 6.3 The comfort zone 120 6.4 Temperature requirements and morbidity in children 122 6.5 Humidity, cold and respiratory disorders 124 6.6 Cardiovascular responses in the cold 126 6. 7 Urban hypothermia 128 6.8 Winter mortality and cold homes 130 6.9 Heat-related illnesses in the urban environment 133 6.10 Accident rates and ambient temperature 136 Bibliography 13 7 7 Cold, condensation and housing poverty Thomas A. Markus 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Material factors 7.3 Material effects 7.4 Personal and social effects 7.5 Climate 7.6 Cold and poverty 7. 7 The Glasgow dimension Bibliography 8 Mental health and high-rise housing Hugh Freeman 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Historical background 8.3 Methodological issues 8.4 Empirical studies of high-rise housing 8.5 High-rise living as a pathogenic factor 8.6 Conclusion Acknowledgement Bibliography 9 Women, crowding and mental health Jonatha...

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Section: Disposal Of Excreta and Enteric Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Unhealthy Housing

Burridge¹,

Ormandy²

2005

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“…53 The Superintendent and Sanitary Engineer of the City's Health Department, authors of a parallel study, reported that in these areas ninety-four percent of the population shared toilets, almost invariably outdoors. 54 Across the city, they found a close correlation between communal toilets and infant mortality and concluded that, along with rear dwellings, these were the single greatest threat to public health (Figure 6). At first, the city's response was to attempt to ensure that there would be at least one toilet for every two families, until the city realized that "the more outdoor communal toilets are installed, the more insanitary toilets there are to supervise."…”

Section: Smaller Suburbs and Unincorporated Districtsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At first, the city's response was to attempt to ensure that there would be at least one toilet for every two families, until the city realized that "the more outdoor communal toilets are installed, the more insanitary toilets there are to supervise." 55 By the early 1930s the solution was seen to be the enforcement of a new housing code, coupled with a dual strategy of replacing inner slums with public housing and of providing the recently annexed areas with piped water and sewers. The suburbs of Memphis were typical of those around other southern cities, but not of American cities as a whole.…”

Section: Smaller Suburbs and Unincorporated Districtsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Healthy were the Suburbs?

Harris¹,

Mercier

2005

Journal of Urban History

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In North America almost everyone has assumed that, from the 1860s to the 1960s, suburbs were healthier than cities, but this has not been established as fact by urban or demographic historians. Contemporary evidence is scattered but, especially for the interwar years, significant. The most useful data pertain to infant mortality rates. They indicate that, in terms of population health, suburbs were diverse and so were city neighborhoods. On the average, suburbs were healthier than cities but, partly because of poor sanitation, many unincorporated fringe areas were as unhealthy as the worst city slums. As mortality rates declined, so did the relative advantage of suburbs; in the early postwar period the widespread use of septic tanks caused problems. Future research should utilize neglected, published data and, where possible, supplement these with the analysis of vital records.On March 19, 1911, the young King George V took a short trip into the suburbs of North London. Since he already possessed several homes, including city residences and quiet country retreats, he was not looking to the needs of his own family. Instead, concerned about how poor housing was affecting the health of his people, he was hoping to confirm the favorable reports that he had heard of the new Garden Suburb that was taking shape in Hampstead. In part inspired by Ebenezer Howard's book, Garden Cities of Tomorrow (1902), which was becoming a bible for planners and housing reformers in Britain and beyond, Hampstead Garden Suburb was not the first, but it was already becoming one of the best-known attempts to marry city convenience with healthy country living. 1 It expressed high hopes. Accompanying the king, the Times reporter suggested that the track record of Bournville, an earlier project in the low-density idiom, indicated that Hampstead's new suburb might reduce infant mortality rates by at least a third. 2 King George's visit to Hampstead symbolized the concern long expressed about the unhealthiness of the cities, not just in Britain but across Europe and North America. The rise of commercial and then industrial capitalism had created cities of unprecedented size. The cramming together of so many peoplenot to mention of horses and factories-created all kinds of health hazards. Mortality rates, the simplest indicator of health, rose steadily to exceed by a

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Developing a Housing Program in a Southern City

Cited by 2 publications

References 1 publication

Unhealthy Housing

Unhealthy Housing

How Healthy were the Suburbs?

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