Developing a TOD typology for Beijing metro station areas

Abstract

Across the world, Transit Oriented Development (TOD) offers a strategy to integrate land use and transport systems by clustering urban developments around public transport nodes in functionally dense and diverse, pedestrian-and cycling-friendly areas. Even though the basic philosophy of TOD seems to be the same in all contexts, its specific applications greatly differ in form, function and impacts, calling for context-based TOD typologies that can help map these local specificities and better focus policy interventions. In recent years, TOD has also been widely advocated and applied in China; however, so far no study has systematically developed a TOD typology in a Chinese context. This paper fills this gap for the case of the Beijing metropolitan area. The approach is based on the node-place model, introduced by Bertolini (1996, 1999) to chart 'Transit' and 'Development' components, expanding it with a third, 'Oriented', dimension to quantify the degree of orientation of transit and development components towards each other. The paper reviewed the main TOD indicators in the international literature, selected those appropriate for the Beijing context, and classified the metro station areas into TOD types through a cluster analysis. The six identified types of metro station areas in Beijing demonstrate how the context-specific typology can support local urban and transport planners, designers and policymakers when considering future interventions.

Land use and public transport integration in small cities and towns: Assessment methodology and application

“…The contributions of Kamruzzaman et al (2014) and Lyu et al (2016) provide an exhaustive overview of the state-of-the-art in terms of transport nodes' assessment. From them, we obtained the following contributions that discuss classification of transport nodes: Atkinson-Palombo and Kuby (2011); Austin et al (2010); Center for Transit-Oriented Development (2011, 2013); Chorus and Bertolini (2011); Ivan et al (2011); Monajem and Nosratian (2015); Reusser et al (2008); Schlossberg and Brown (2004); Vale (2015); Zemp et al (2011).…”

“…To complement and update this database, we used the keyword 'node-place model' to scan well-used academic web search engines, 1 yielding four additional sources: Babb et al (2015); Chen and Lin (2015); Ngo (2012); Stoilova and Nikolova (2016). In conclusion, the articles and documents found amount to 24 sources (also including Kamruzzaman et al, 2014;Lyu et al, 2016), covering a period of almost twenty years, from 1999 to 2016.…”

“…Several authors underline the necessity of considering context factors, e.g. Lyu et al (2016), claim the necessity of a 'context-based typology', and propose a methodology for developing this. Furthermore, in recent years, studies about the node-place model and TOD in general, tend to focus more on the aspect of the design of urban areas around stations.…”

Identifying Urban Structure Based on Transit-Oriented Development

“…By summarizing a variety of indicators in TOD evaluation [14,22,45,47,[53][54][55][56][57][58][59] as well as by considering the availability of the data, we separated the indicators into the network group, the activity group, and the human group.…”

Implementing transit oriented development in Greater London

“…A context-based typology and station area classification would also provide policymakers with a better understanding of the station area's urban problems, by analysing the impacts of different types of TOD. The international expert from the US argued that studies and application of TOD classifications have been developed in different cities across the world (Reusser et al, 2008;Lyu et al, 2016) and recommended that London should also proceed in this way.…”