Developing an implicit measure of disgust propensity and disgust sensitivity: Examining the role of implicit disgust propensity and sensitivity in obsessive-compulsive tendencies

Nicholson, Emma; Barnes‐Holmes, Dermot

doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.02.001

Cited by 74 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Similar improvements have been achieved within domains such as depression (Remue, De Houwer, Barnes-Holmes, Vanderhasselt, & De Raedt, 2013), obsessive compulsive behaviours by (Nicholson & Barnes-Holmes, 2012), and body image (Heider, Spruyt, & De Houwer, 2015) through the use of measures of implicit propositional responding such as the IRAP. By employing semantically complex stimuli and appealing to responses on a single trial-type, the results of the current study rely on the "non-relative" nature of the IRAP's four trial-types.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Individuals with current suicidal ideation demonstrate implicit “fearlessness of death”

Hussey

Barnes‐Holmes

Booth

2016

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

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Background and ObjectivesSuicidal behaviour has proved to be difficult to predict, due in part to the particular limitations of introspection within suicidality. In an effort to overcome this, recent research has demonstrated the utility of indirect measures of "implicit" attitudes within the study of suicidality. However, research to date has focused predominantly on implicit self-evaluations and self-death associations. No work has examined implicit evaluations of death, despite the theoretical importance of such evaluations; "fearlessness of death" is central to both the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide and the Integrated Motivational-Volitional model of suicide. MethodsTwenty-three psychiatric patients with current suicidal ideation and twenty-five normative university students completed two versions of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) that targeted evaluations of death. One task specified personal death (i.e., was self-focused) and the other targeted death in the abstract. ResultsSelf-focused evaluations of death reliably distinguished between the two groups, correctly classifying 74% of cases, but evaluations of death in the abstract did not. The suicidal group produced specific biases indicating a rejection of the negativity of death. Results are consistent with the definition of suicidality as involving a self-focused wish to die. LimitationsFor ethical reason, suicidal behaviours were not assessed in the normative group. Groups were therefore not mutually exclusive. This may have decreased the specificity of the IRAP. IMPLICIT FEARLESSNESS OF DEATH ON THE IRAP 3 ConclusionsSuicidal ideation is associated with an implicit "fearlessness of death". The utility of implicit death-evaluations should therefore be considered alongside self-evaluations and selfdeath associations in the future.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Individuals with current suicidal ideation demonstrate implicit “fearlessness of death”

Hussey

Barnes‐Holmes

Booth

2016

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

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“…Scoring of the IRAP followed the standardized approach for transforming latency data into DIRAP scores (see Nicholson et al, 2012). All data from any participant that fell below 80% accuracy and above 2000ms latency on any of the six test blocks in each IRAP were omitted from the dataset (N=15).…”

Section: Irap Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of a voice hearing simulation on implicit fear of voices

McEnteggart

Barnes‐Holmes

Adekuoroye

2016

Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science

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The current study investigated potential changes in implicit negativity of hearing voices in a non-voice hearing student population (N=28) subjected to a hearing voices simulation using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP). On the Baseline IRAP, participants were required to pair voices-as-positive and voices-as-negative statements on alternating trial blocks. Participants were subsequently exposed to a simulation procedure and a Post-Simulation IRAP. At baseline and post-simulation, hearing voices was implicitly evaluated as both positive and fearful, however positivity toward voices reduced and negativity increased after the simulation. Interestingly, implicit changes also appeared to be influenced by high delusional ideation. Keywords: hearing voices simulation, IRAP, implicit measures IMPLICIT NEGATIVITY TOWARD HEARING VOICES 3Given the breadth of the label of psychosis, and even schizophrenia, researchers have begun to investigate key features that may be specific to these patterns of suffering, specifically hearing voices. This impetus is likely due to two related facts: 1. It is now established that voices are a very commonly reported symptom, not only in diagnoses of psychosis and other psychiatric diagnoses (see Sartorius et al., 1986; Slotema et al., 2012), but also in non-clinical contexts (e.g., Beavan, Read, & Cartwright, 2011); and 2. Social movements, such as the Hearing Voices Movement (aim to normalize and promote the acceptance of unusual experiences) have grown rapidly and are now powerful advocates for social change (Bentall, 2004;Corstens, Longden, McCarthy-Jones, Waddingham, & Thomas, 2014).Given the prevalence of voice hearing in clinical and non-clinical contexts, and the growing desire for a social change in attitudes toward mental health difficulties, an increasing number of studies have examined attitudes toward voice hearing. Indeed, a vast literature exists demonstrating the presence of negative professional attitudes toward psychological suffering (Schulze, 2007), thus many studies on voice hearing contain interventions that attempt to target these negative attitudes in mental health professionals, often with the aim of targeting stigma, empathy, etc. regarding voices. Many of these studies have included simulations of distressing (or critical) voices within these interventions, due to the prevalence of these types of voices, as reported by voice hearers (Larøi et al., 2012). Overall, these interventions have been associated with positive outcomes and voice simulations have been shown to reduce stigma, but improve empathy, behavioral intentions, and positive attitudes toward voice hearers (Bunn & Terpstra, 2009;Chaffin & Adams, 2013;Dearing & Steadman, 2009;Deegan, 1996;Hojat et al., 2001;Kalyanaraman, Penn, Ivory, & Judge, 2010;Kidd, Tusaie, Morgan, Preebe, & Garrett, 2015;Sideras, Mckenzie, Noone, Dieckmann, & Allen, 2015;Ward, 2015;Wieland, Levine, & Smith, 2015;Wilson et al., 2009 (Ando, Clement, Barley, & Thornicroft, 2011). Furthermore, the simulation pr...

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“…Therefore, in contrast to much previously published research (e.g., Nicholson & Barnes-Holmes, 2012), no additional written or onscreen instructions were provided. The experimenter's verbal instructions for the death-identity IRAP contained the following key points, which were delivered before the participant completed the first practice block.…”

Section: Irapsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life is Good, But Death Ain’t Bad Either: Counter-Intuitive Implicit Biases to Death in a Normative Population

2015

Self Cite

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The current study explored implicit attitudes to life and death in a student population using both the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP).The IAT was similar to one used in previously published researched in the context of the prospective prediction of suicide and self-harm. Two IRAPs were employed, one that assessed relational responses specific to death and life with respect to self, and a second that assessed relational responses specific to evaluations of death and life. The IAT replicated previous results found in normative populations. The IRAPs indicated "prolife" biases, as expected. However, they also failed to demonstrate the presence of strong "antideath" biases, and in one case a specific "death-positive" bias was found. The results observed on the explicit measures did not readily explain the absent or "prodeath" effects observed on the IRAPs. Indeed, participants reported a normative level of anxiety and fear of death. Implications for the study of implicit attitudes to death using the IRAP are considered.

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Developing an implicit measure of disgust propensity and disgust sensitivity: Examining the role of implicit disgust propensity and sensitivity in obsessive-compulsive tendencies

Cited by 74 publications

References 37 publications

Individuals with current suicidal ideation demonstrate implicit “fearlessness of death”

Individuals with current suicidal ideation demonstrate implicit “fearlessness of death”

The effects of a voice hearing simulation on implicit fear of voices

Life is Good, But Death Ain’t Bad Either: Counter-Intuitive Implicit Biases to Death in a Normative Population

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