Developing an in-vivo physiological porcine model of inducing acute atraumatic compartment syndrome towards a non-invasive diagnosis using shear wave elastography

Abstract

Compartment syndrome (CS) is a pathological event caused by elevated intracompartmental pressure (ICP); however, changes from the onset of inducing atraumatic CS remained unclear. The study aimed to investigate the physiological changes in a newly developed in vivo porcine acute atraumatic CS model. CS was induced by ischemia–reperfusion injury in the left hind leg of fourteen pigs divided into an echogenicity group (EG) and a shear wave elastography group (SEG). Echogenicity was measured in EG, and shear elastic modulus (SEM) was measured in SEG seven times before, at the onset of inducing CS, and every 30 min after the onset over eight hours. Simultaneously, ICP, blood pressure, and muscle perfusion pressure (MPP) were also measured in both groups. Our results indicate that SEM of the experimental leg in SEG significantly increased as CS developed compared to the control leg (p = 0.027), but no statistical difference in the echogenicity in EG was found between the experimental leg and control leg. There were also significant correlations between SEM and ICP (p < 0.001) and ICP and MPP (p < 0.001). Our method and findings can be a basis to develop a non-invasive diagnostic tool using a shear wave elastography for atraumatic CS.

Venous congestion affects neuromuscular changes in pigs in terms of muscle electrical activity and muscle stiffness

“…However, the straps used in this research setup prevented the measurement of intramuscular pressure and muscle stiffness as shear elastic modulus, simultaneously. In our previous study, it was shown that muscle compartment syndrome increased intramuscular pressure and influenced muscle stiffness using shear-wave elastography [ 29 ]. Therefore, the change in the difference in derived muscle stiffness from the ACC data ( Fig 6A ) between the control and experimental legs indicates that mechanical changes associated with VC could occur.…”

Classification of deep vein thrombosis stages using convolutional neural network of electromyogram with vibrotactile stimulation toward developing an early diagnostic tool: A preliminary study on a pig model

“…Each pig was rested for 3 days in a comfortable cage with easy access to water except, for eight hours before the experiment. The experimental setup was designed based on previous our study [ 37 ]. The animal preparation was done similarly reported in our previous study [ 37 ].…”

“…The experimental setup was designed based on previous our study [ 37 ]. The animal preparation was done similarly reported in our previous study [ 37 ]. Briefly, sedation was done using the cervical intramuscular injection of Azaperone (5 mg/kg), Alfaxalone (4 mg/kg), Xylazine (2 mg/kg), and Atropine (0.05 mg/kg).…”