“…In reaction to this potential financial benefit of brand orientation, studies have focused on discovering and explaining how firms can develop their brand orientation levels (e.g., Baumgarth, 2010;Ewing & Napoli, 2005;Hankinson, 2001;Napoli, 2006;Mulyanegara, 2011;Schmidt & Baumgarth, 2014;Simoes & Dibb, 2001;Urde, 1994;Wong & Merrilees, 2005). Empirical studies examining how brand orientation impacts performance have primarily been descriptive (e.g., Baumgarth, 2009;Keller, Dato-on, & Shaw, 2010) and directed at understanding linear associations (e.g., Gromark & Melin, 2011).…”