A PAN/ZnO (PAN, polyacrylonitrile) nanocomposite material was made using an ultrasound-assisted agitation method with PAN of different concentrations. XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, XPS, UV−vis, PL, FTIR, TPR, EIS, MS, and EPR techniques were used to analyze the effects of different PAN concentrations on the crystallinity, morphology, specific surface area, photocatalytic activity, photoresponse, and so on. The introduction of PAN in ZnO increases the photocatalytic hydrogen production activity. The composite material showed enhanced photocatalytic activity compared with the original PAN and ZnO catalysts. The optimal hydrogen production rate was 7.53 mmol•g −1 •h −1 for ZP20, surpassing that of ZnO (0.77 mmol•g −1 •h −1 ) and PAN (0.24 mmol•g −1 •h −1 ). This improvement is attributed to the effective charge transfer by PAN loading on ZnO, enhancing the separation efficiency of the photogenerated carriers through the binding of nanoparticles. This work supports a method for the design and synthesis of ZnO-based organic−inorganic hybrid photocatalysts.