Developing Cost-Effective Blockchain-Powered Applications

Zarir, Abdullah Ahmad; Oliva, Gustavo Ansaldi; Jiang, Zhen Ming; Hassan, Ahmed E.

doi:10.1145/3431726

Cited by 55 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Since the optimization level of each open-source smart contract is available ( §3.2), we count the number of smart contracts with and smart contracts without optimization in ds3 and ds4, individually. [110] JUMPDEST [111] PUSH1 0x00 [113] JUMPDEST [114] DUP3 [115] DUP2 [116] LT [117] ISZERO [118] PUSH1 0x83 [120] //deploy the bytecode, obtain its address let target := create(0, add(code_ptr, 0x20), mload(code_ptr)) //record the address in sc_addr[] mstore(add(sc_addr, mul(0x20, add(i, 1))), target) } } return sc_addr; } M4: number of transactions invoking a smart contract. It may reflect the popularity of a smart contract because popular smart contracts will attract more users.…”

Section: Rq2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Large-Scale Empirical Study of Inline Assembly on 7.6 Million Ethereum Smart Contracts

Liao

Song

Zhu

et al. 2023

IIEEE Trans. Software Eng.

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Being the most popular programming language for developing Ethereum smart contracts, Solidity allows using inline assembly to gain fine-grained control. Although many empirical studies on smart contracts have been conducted, to the best of our knowledge, none has examined inline assembly in smart contracts. To fill the gap, in this paper, we conduct the first large-scale empirical study of inline assembly on more than 7.6 million open-source Ethereum smart contracts from three aspects, namely, source code, bytecode, and transactions after designing new approaches to tackle several technical challenges. Through a thorough quantitative and qualitative analysis of the collected data, we obtain many new observations and insights. Moreover, by conducting a questionnaire survey on using inline assembly in smart contracts, we draw new insights from the valuable feedback. This work sheds light on the development of smart contracts as well as the evolution of Solidity and its compilers.

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Section: Rq2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Large-Scale Empirical Study of Inline Assembly on 7.6 Million Ethereum Smart Contracts

Liao

Song

Zhu

et al. 2023

IIEEE Trans. Software Eng.

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“…The gas cost reflects the time and space complexity of function tasks and operations as they are executed by the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) [35], [36]. To determine an estimated upper-bound gas usage of all the functions in our smart contracts, we ran simulated tests, issuing repeated Ethereum transaction requests, in the Remix IDE, which provides gas-usage estimation of transactions at the bytecode level [37], [38]. Table 2 summarizes the algorithms and their execution cost in Ether.…”

Section: A Cost Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Trusted Traceability and Certification of Refurbished Medical Devices Using Dynamic Composable NFTs

et al. 2023

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Medical devices play a crucial role in the global healthcare system, but their high cost has led to the increasing adoption of refurbished medical devices as a sustainable alternative for hospitals and patients around the world. The repositioning of refurbished devices into the market, however, is accompanied by a number of challenges, including concerns about quality and safety, as well as the risk of fraudulent activities such as counterfeiting. To address these challenges, we propose an NFT-based solution for managing refurbished medical devices that creates a secure, transparent, and verifiable record of the refurbishment process to ensure the safety and quality of these devices. The proposed solution utilizes dynamic composable NFTs as digital representations of medical devices, with replacement parts and certificate documents embedded in a parent-child NFT hierarchy, and reprocessing steps captured and reflected through the evolution of the dynamic tokens. This serves to authenticate and track the movement of refurbished devices while also providing a trustworthy means of managing individual devices and their ownership. Furthermore, the integration of non-transferable NFTs as certificates of refurbishment acts as an effective mechanism for detecting suspect medical devices and instances of fraudulent labeling, thereby increasing buyer confidence and promoting user safety. We leverage the Interplanetary File System to store and keep track of the metadata of the tokenized components of the system. We present the system architecture and implementation details with tested algorithms. We develop a front-end decentralized application (DApp) to interact with the designed smart contracts and showcase their functionalities. We also conduct security analysis to demonstrate our system is resistant to common vulnerabilities and exploits. The smart contract code is made available on GitHub.

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“…Gas limit, gas price and transaction fee. In Ethereum, every transaction has a specified amount of gas to be consumed for execution [32]. The gas limit determines the maximum amount of computational effort that can be used to execute a transaction, while the gas price is the amount of Ether that the transaction sender is willing to pay for each unit of gas consumed.…”

Section: Abnormal Gas Consumption Scenariosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The issuer of a transaction sets both gas limit and gas price. If the execution of a transaction requires consuming more gas than that specified by the gas limit parameter, such a transaction fails with an out-of-gas exception and gets rolled back [32]. The actual transaction fee depends on the final amount of gas cost and defines as gas cost × gas price.…”

Section: Abnormal Gas Consumption Scenariosmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Efficient Detection Model for Smart Contract Reentrancy Vulnerabilities

Li¹,

Guo²,

Wang³

et al. 2023

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

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Despite the rapid growth of smart contracts, they are suffering numerous security vulnerabilities due to the absence of reliable development and testing. In this article, we apply the metamorphic testing technique to detect smart contract vulnerabilities. Based on the anomalies we observed in vulnerable smart contracts, we define five metamorphic relations to detect abnormal gas consumption and account interaction inconsistency of the target smart contract. Through dynamically executing transactions and checking the final violation of metamorphic relations, we determine whether a smart contract is vulnerable. We evaluate our approach on a benchmark of 67 manually annotated smart contracts. The experimental results show that our approach achieves a higher detection rate (TPR, true positive rate) with a lower misreport rate (FDR, false discovery rate) than the other three state-of-the-art tools. These results further suggest that metamorphic testing is a promising method for detecting smart contract vulnerabilities.

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Developing Cost-Effective Blockchain-Powered Applications

Cited by 55 publications

References 25 publications

Large-Scale Empirical Study of Inline Assembly on 7.6 Million Ethereum Smart Contracts

Large-Scale Empirical Study of Inline Assembly on 7.6 Million Ethereum Smart Contracts

Trusted Traceability and Certification of Refurbished Medical Devices Using Dynamic Composable NFTs

An Efficient Detection Model for Smart Contract Reentrancy Vulnerabilities

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