Developing Country Second‐Mover Advantage in Competition Over Environmental Standards and Taxes

Abstract

We show that, in competition between a developed country and a developing country over environmental standards and taxes, the developing country may have a “second‐mover advantage.” In our model, firms do not unanimously prefer lower environmental standard levels. We introduce this feature to an otherwise familiar model of fiscal competition. Four distinct outcomes can be characterized by varying the marginal cost to firms of an environmental externality: (1) the outcome may be efficient; (2) the developing country may be a “pollution haven”—a place to escape excessively high environmental standards in the developed country; (3) the developing country may “undercut” the developed country and attract all firms; (4) the developed country may be a pollution haven.

Strategic climate policy with endogenous plant location: The role of border carbon adjustments

“…We do not consider mixed strategies throughout the paper, as it does not seem plausible that governments randomize over tax levels. For a similar argument, see Groenert and Zissimos (2013).…”