“…When they improved the curricula for grades 2-8 and 9-12, the Turkish Ministry of National Education (MoNE, 2017) also embraced the 21st-century skills framework besides values education and necessitated the injection of such global competences as communication in foreign languages, social and civic competences, cultural awareness, and communication. Certain practices and opportunities such as study abroad (see Ozkul, 2019;Schenker, 2019;Fisher et al, 2022), exchange programs, virtual exchange programs (see Duffy et al, 2022;Ndubuisi et al, 2022), and teaching abroad (Cushner & Mahon, 2016) are seen as key means to acquire and develop GC. Such programs are also known to alter students' perspectives of the world and improve their cultural awareness (Cushner & Mahon, 2016) and intercultural competence and abilities (He et al, 2017;Özkan & Mutludoğan, 2018).…”