“…In Qatar, Islam plays a major role in social life, and, to a significant extent, structures social relations and public morality (Al-Hamar et al, 2010). Also, in Qatar women play less of a role in the public sphere than men (Haber & Getz, 2011). In Egypt, "religion, whether it be Islam or Christianity, has a pervasive role" and "can affect all aspects of… daily life" (Parnell & Hatem, 2002, p. 404).…”