“…The development model used in this study is the development model developed by Thiagarajan, namely 4-D from the acronym define, design, development, and dissemination (Erfan et al, 2022;Fitri, 2019). The choice of the 4-D development model is because the development steps in the 4-D model are detailed, systematic, and easy to follow for each development procedure (Darnawati, Jamiludin, Mursidin, & Ili, 2021;Supartini, Weismann, Wijaya, & Helaluddin, 2020). Furthermore, Jatmiko & Fiantika (2017) The first stage of development, namely defining, aims to analyze the needs, materials, and characteristics of students needed to develop learning video products.…”