Developing the Cyber Victimization Experiences and Cyberbullying Behaviors Scales

Abstract

The reported prevalence rates of cyber victimization experiences and cyberbullying behaviors vary. Part of this variation is likely due to the diverse definitions and operationalizations of the constructs adopted in previous research and the lack of psychometrically robust measures. Through 2 studies, the authors developed (Study 1) and evaluated (Study 2) the cyber victimization experiences and cyberbullying behaviors scales. Participants in Study 1 were 393 (122 boys, 171 girls) and in Study 2 were 345 (153 boys, 192 girls) 11-15-year-olds who completed measures of cyber victimization experiences, cyberbullying behaviors, face-to-face victimization experiences, face-to-face bullying behaviors, and social desirability. The 3-factor cyber victimization experiences scale comprised threat, shared images, and personal attack. The 3-factor cyberbullying behaviors scale comprised sharing images, gossip, and personal attack. Both scales demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and convergent validity.

Cyberbullying: A narrative review

“…Exploratory factor analysis has also been conducted on another cyber victimization scale, the Social Networking Experiences Questionnaire, [96]. The only scale for cyberbullying that has appeared in the recent literature is the Cyberbullying Behaviors Scale that yielded 3 factors including sharing images, gossip and personal attack [97]. These researchers also developed a psychometrically robust measure for cyber victimization called The Cyber Victimization Experiences Scales which yielded 3 factors labeled threat, shared images and personal attack.…”

The Not Yet Exploited Goldmine of OSINT: Opportunities, Open Challenges and Future Trends

“…We have found some slides that confirm this, dated as early as in 2008, which are uploaded in the Spanish Defense Staff website. 15 • In 2010, when the director of the CNI announced 16 the creation of an ethical code for special agents, he also insisted on the fact that modern intelligence was not just based on physical presence, as today ''you might get more information sitting on a computer, exploring messages from the bad guys''.…”

“…That is, ill-motivated actors may leverage the huge amount of information in order to commit cyber-aggressions, such as cyberbullying, cybergossip and cyber-victimization [91]. Unfortunately, those phenomena are increasingly and alarmingly more frequent on the Web, leading the victims to distress, loneliness, depression, and even to commit suicide in the worst case [16]. In particular, cybergossip is performed by group of people making evaluative comments via digital devices about somebody who is not present.…”

“…In particular, the profiling of people [15] could reveal personal details such as their political preference, sexual orientation or religious beliefs, amongst others. Additionally, the exploitation of such vast amount of information may lead to abuse, resulting in harming innocents through cyberbullying, cybergossip or cyberaggressions [16].…”

“…https://www.elconfidencialdigital.com/articulo/vivir/CNI-calificafundamental-abiertas-contradice/20071023000000049386.html15 http://www.emad.mde.es/Galerias/EMAD/novemad/fichero/EMD-CIFAS-esp.pdf16 https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20100624/53951898847/eldirector-del-cni-anuncia-un-codigo-etico-para-los-agentes-secretos.html17 https://contrataciondelestado.es/wps/wcm/connect/ff96fa82-7fd6-40bd-be5b-36ef3fd4e65b/DOC_CN2017-498874.pdf?MOD=AJPERES…”