2022
DOI: 10.1177/16094069221100633
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Developing Typologies in Qualitative Research: The Use of Ideal-type Analysis

Abstract: The tradition of developing typologies has been prominent in research, particularly within the fields of psychology and sociology, for decades. A typology is formed by grouping cases or participants into types on the basis of their common features. Despite the prominence of typologies in research, methodological guidance on the process of developing a typology, particularly as a qualitative method for analysing data, is scarce. Ideal-type analysis is a relatively new addition to the family of qualitative resea… Show more

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Cited by 67 publications
(69 citation statements)
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“…Typology is “a hierarchical system of categories used to organize objects according to their similarities and dissimilarities” (Mandara, 2003, p. 132). Developing typology involves treating each participant's experience as a case and comparing it to other participants' experiences; thus, it allows for within‐ and across‐case analysis of a relatively large qualitative data set consisting of over 30 participants (Stapley et al, 2022). We followed the typology development practices outlined by Stapley et al (2022), combined with grounded theory techniques (Eisenhardt, 1989) in iterative processes.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Typology is “a hierarchical system of categories used to organize objects according to their similarities and dissimilarities” (Mandara, 2003, p. 132). Developing typology involves treating each participant's experience as a case and comparing it to other participants' experiences; thus, it allows for within‐ and across‐case analysis of a relatively large qualitative data set consisting of over 30 participants (Stapley et al, 2022). We followed the typology development practices outlined by Stapley et al (2022), combined with grounded theory techniques (Eisenhardt, 1989) in iterative processes.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This iterative practice is consistent with principles of grounded theory analysis: after identifying patterns from qualitative data, researchers iteratively compare the emergent framework with each case to confirm how well it fits with the data (Eisenhardt, 1989). Stapley et al (2022) also emphasized ensuring that the main categories are appropriately grounded in the data after developing a typology. To do so, we individually coded each interview using the four categories of our typology, compared the results, and discussed any disagreement until we reached consensus (Stapley et al, 2022).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As noted above, examples of idiographic subjective data in psychology are myriad. Over the last half century, there has been interest in such data but it has been almost entirely designated as “qualitative data” and analysed by an increasingly well-developed set of qualitative analytic methods (e.g., Smith, 1995 ; Braun and Clarke, 2006 , 2021 ; Stapley et al, 2022 ).…”
Section: Rigorous Idiographymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…1.1 理论基础 空间资本理论为解析旅游发展对生计特征的影响提供一个全新的理论视角 ① 。空间资 本特指一组由行动者积累的资源,其有助于行动者利用社会的空间维度获利 [33] 。Lévy [34] 划分出两种类型的空间资本,一种是与地点及其空间资产相关的"区位资本" (locational capital) ,反映地点在特定地域范围内的重要性,靠近工作场所、商业服务设施以及市 中心等区位优势可以帮助个体获得区位资本;另一种是与地区相关的"情境资本" (situational capital) ,在地点距离未发生改变的前提下,个体可以借助交通工具来增强其流动 性,从而快速抵达某一地点。区位资本和情境资本分别强调居住地固定性和个体流动性 所发挥的作用,且后者可以弥补前者的不足 [35] 。例如,乡村居民需要借助城乡迁移来应 对乡村区位劣势导致的就业机会短缺 [36] 。研究发现,个体空间资本存量取决于三类因 素:一是"可达性" (access) ,与时间、地点和其他情境限制的流动范围关联,如靠近交 通枢纽、教育机构或劳动力市场;二是"技能"(competence),可以是身体性 (如骑 车) 、习得性 (如驾照) 或组织性 (计划和协调活动的能力) 等方面的技能;三是"挪 用" (appropriation) ,指个体运用可达性和技能的策略、动机、价值观以及实践,包括个 ① 虽然空间贫困理论 (spatial poverty theory) 在分析地理资本 (geographical capital) 时也将区位条件作为具体 指标,赋予地理空间要素资本意义,然而该理论以地域为基本分析单位,无法充分揭示地区内部的个体差异,尤其 是个体利用空间的动机和策略,因此本文选取空间资本作为分析的理论视角。 38 卷 自 然 资 源 学 报 人对可达性和技能的解释与行动方式,以及利用潜在流动性的策略 [37,38] 。就影响而言,空 间资本有两大作用,一是加剧社会分化;二是可以被积累并与包括经济、社会以及文化 资本在内的其他资本相互转换 [38] 。 空间资本理论对地方发展过程中的生计不平等现象具有较强的解释力。已有研究显 示,从市区搬迁到郊区后原住民往往无法高效通勤,空间资本遭到破坏导致其就业机会 损失 [39,40] ;而搬迁到中心城区使中产阶级家庭获得邻近性和可达性,从而更好地协调家庭 与职业需求 [41] 。目前国内外对空间资本理论的应用仍处于起步阶段,且研究主要针对大 都市区的人口居住迁移现象,鲜有学者借助该理论来解释乡村地区人口高速流动的旅游 发展现象。在旅游发展影响下,乡村居民同样出现迁出、迁入等流动行为,其生计特征 亦随之发生改变 [1][2][3][4] 。基于文献回顾可知,作为后现代社会交通技术变革以及人口与资本 流动性增强的产物,旅游发展强化了乡村旅游目的地与城市客源地之间空间联系,并扭 转城乡之间的"核心-边缘"关系 [42] 。在流动的空间范围内,乡村居民生计既受其家庭住 宅与核心景观的距离、在村庄的核心位置、区域交通设施等"可达性"因素的影响 [5,27] , 也受其驾驶水平、经商水平等"技能" [2] ,以及利用住宅盈利或生活的动机等"挪用"因 素的影响 [1,2,5] 。在空间资本理论看来,乡村居民生计不平等的根源是空间资本的不平等, 更深层次的原因则是"可达性" "技能"和"挪用"因素的不均衡分布。本文旨在探究共 同富裕目标下旅游发展对乡村居民生计类型及特征的影响,空间资本理论有效解释地方 发展过程中流动性增强对居民生计的影响,因此对本文以旅游发展为具体情境的研究问 题具备较强的理论适切性。 1.2 案例地选取 案例地龙潭村位于福建省屏南县熙岭乡 (图 1) ,村籍人口 340 户 1407 人。与四川明月 村、浙江莫干山等案例地相似 [43] [44,45] 。作为社会科学研 究的主要方法,理想类型亦成为旅游研究重要的类型划分工具 [46,47] ,其主要借助 2×2 矩阵 或二维象限作为表征工具 [46][47][48] 。采用理想类型分析法的原因:首先,关于旅游发展影响下 乡村居民生计特征的描述碎片化地呈现在不同文献和案例地中,而理想类型的核心贡献 在于将碎片化、不连贯的诸种现象按照"片面"的规则安排到统一的分析结构中 [49,50] 。其 次,相关研究重现象描述而轻理论解释与建构,理想类型分析基于特定的理论视角,有 助于找寻潜在的因果作用机制。最后,尽管乡村居民生计类型的多样化特征得到普遍承 认,但类型之间的特征尚未得到很好的区分,理想类型分析可减少聚类统计方法带来的 类型特征重叠...…”
Section: 研究方法与数据来源unclassified