Developing, validating, and pre-testing of a diabetic care self-management mobile health application: A technology-based intervention for patients with diabetes in Malaysia

Abstract

Background: Technology-based intervention showed a promising approach to health promotion strategies. There had been limited knowledge of the existing program for technology-based intervention in promoting foot care and dietary behavior modification. Thus, a mobile app was developed as an alternative strategy for promoting foot care and dietary behavior modification. Objective: This paper aims to elaborate on the process of developing, validating, and examining the Diabetic Care Self-Management Mobile Health Application (Diabetic Care). Methods: There are two phases conducted. The first phase is the process of developing and validating Diabetic Care. Intervention Mapping (IM) Framework was used to guide the process of developing Diabetic Care, while in assessing validity, guidance from Kassam-Adams et al. was used. A team of experts was appointed to validate the mobile app developed. Next, the usability of Diabetic Care was conducted among ten conveniently chosen patients with diabetes in a governmental primary care clinic. Results: The process of developing Diabetic Care was clearly explained. The Diabetic Care app showed a good I-CVI score (1.00) and general CVI score (1.00) after the expert team assessed. During the trial, two drawbacks were identified and explored to find solutions. Conclusion: The Diabetic Care app is proven appropriate to be employed in the study. Even though there were two drawbacks encountered, however, possible solutions were able to be explored in addressing the issues. Further research should be conducted to examine the effectiveness of this mobile app in modifying foot care behavior and dietary behavior. Hence, it will assist in the translation of advanced technology in nursing care.

Nurses’ Roles in mHealth App Development: Scoping Review

“…The characteristics of the included studies are summarized in Table 1 . Of the 157 included publications, 132 (84.1%) either described usability testing or were original research papers [ 32 - 49 , 51 , 52 , 55 , 56 , 58 - 65 , 67 - 75 , 77 - 81 , 83 , 85 - 87 , 89 - 107 , 110 , 112 - 117 , 119 - 124 , 126 , 129 , 130 , 132 - 134 , 136 , 138 , 140 - 145 , 147 - 160 , 162 - 169 , 171 - 173 , 175 - 187 ].…”

“…The authors indicated that nurses took on between 1 and 4 roles within a development phase and more frequently took on a greater number of roles during earlier development phases. In total, 36% (12/33) of the publications describing the planning phase indicated nurses taking on >1 role [ 85 , 92 , 102 , 104 , 110 , 123 , 125 , 126 , 134 , 136 , 139 , 152 ]. Nurses taking on >1 role grew to 42 (43%) out of 98 publications in the requirements gathering phase [ 36 , 37 , 39 , 52 , 55 , 56 , 58 , 61 , 78 , 83 , 84 , 86 , 89 , 92 , 99 , 101 , 104 , 110 , 114 , 116 , 123 , 125 , 126 , 129 , 132 , 134 , 136 , 139 , 146 , 151 , 153 , 158 , 164 - 169 , 171 , 173 , 184 , 188 ] and 50 (44.6%) out of 112 publications in the design and prototyping phase [ 34 , 36 , 37 , 39 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 46 , 51 , 56 - 58 ,…”

“…In general, the apps focused on specific conditions, most frequently cancer (27/157, 17.2%) [ 38 , 43 , 53 , 54 , 57 , 60 , 68 , 70 , 76 , 78 , 82 , 84 , 87 , 90 , 94 , 99 , 110 , 116 , 127 , 149 , 156 , 159 , 166 , 178 , 186 , 188 , 189 ], cardiovascular disease (12/157, 7.6%) [ 42 , 58 , 65 , 97 , 98 , 120 , 125 , 126 , 128 , 145 , 171 , 187 ], pregnancy or neonatal care (11/157, 7%) [ 40 , 41 , 67 , 91 , 103 , 133 , 152 , 157 , 164 , 180 , 184 ], and diabetes (8/157, 5.1%) [ 35 , 51 , 85 , 104 , 114 , 139 , 165 , 168 ]. These apps were often in the early stages of development, although 26.1% (41/157) of the publications described multiple versions of the app [ 33 , 34 , 41 - 43 , 57 ,…”

The effect of mHealth program on behavior modification and health outcomes among patients with diabetes: A randomized controlled trial study

“…The Diabetic Care Self-Management Mobile Health Application (Diabetic Care App) was developed by the researcher. The app was validated by a team of experts with a good content validity score (1.00) during the validity assessment by the researcher (Firdaus et al, 2022 ). The Diabetes Care App, developed for Android user phones, has six main menus: Foot Care Activity, Foot Care Exercise, Foot Care Records, Foot Care Tips, Diabetic Food Plate, and Food Calorie Tips.…”