Developing Visual Cryptography for Authentication on Smartphones

Yang, Ching-Nung; Liao, Jung-Kuo; Wu, Fu-Heng; Yamaguchi, Yasushi

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44350-8_19

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Chow et al [3] designed an (n, n)-threshold secret sharing scheme, in which n is no less than 3, by relying on QR code's error correction mechanism. Yang et al [23]combined VCS and 2D barcodes to perform authentication on smartphones. A scheme with two-level information management based QR codes being machine readable was proposed by Liu et al [8]; however, decoding shadows was difficult unless the appropriate scanning angle and distance were determined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

XOR-ed visual secret sharing scheme with robust and meaningful shadows based on QR codes

Tan

Yan

et al. 2019

Multimed Tools Appl

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Quick response (QR) codes are becoming increasingly popular in various areas of life due to the advantages of the error correction capacity, the ability to be scanned quickly and the capacity to contain meaningful content. The distribution of dark and light modules of a QR code looks random, but the content of a code can be decoded by a standard QR reader. Thus, a QR code is often used in combination with visual secret sharing (VSS) to generate meaningful shadows. There may be some losses in the process of distribution and preservation of the shadows. To recover secret images with high quality, it is necessary to consider the scheme's robustness. However, few studies examine robustness of VSS combined with QR codes. In this paper, we propose a robust (k, n)-threshold XOR-ed VSS (XVSS) scheme based on a QR code with the error correction ability. Compared with OR-ed VSS (OVSS), XVSS can recover the secret image losslessly, and the amount of computation needed is low. Since the standard QR encoder does not check if the padding codewords are correct during the encoding phase, we replace padding codewords by initial shadows shared from the secret image using XVSS to generate QR code shadows. As a result, the shadows can be decoded normally, and their error correction abilities are preserved. Once all the shadows have been collected, the secret image can be recovered losslessly. More importantly, if some conventional image attacks, including rotation, JPEG compression, Gaussian noise, salt-and-pepper noise, cropping, resizing, and even the addition of camera and screen noises are performed on the shadows, the secret image can still be recovered. The experimental results and comparisons demonstrate the effectiveness of our scheme.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

XOR-ed visual secret sharing scheme with robust and meaningful shadows based on QR codes

Tan

Yan

et al. 2019

Multimed Tools Appl

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“…Particularly visual cryptography plays major part in the increased security level due to its complexity level. Encryption process involved in the visual cryptography technique increased its applicability and usage in various areas [6]. In this research work, discussion about those particular areas has been given.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research of High Speed and Energy Efficient Visual Cryptography Techniques

2019

IJITEE

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Visual cryptography is the most popular technique attracted various researchers to improve the security level while utilizing the images and videos as encryption key, instead of text which is easy to crack. Visual cryptography processes the multimedia information such as images, videos and audios in order to enhance the security of the multimedia data. Visual cryptography computes complex multimedia information which may leads to computational overhead when simple processing techniques and architectures were utilized. So, various researchers had taken over this challenge and trying to resolve while introducing the various high speed techniques and architectures which would make visual cryptography process highly secured and energy efficient. This article presents a literature review on various high speed architectures and visual cryptographic techniques which have been adopted for processing multimedia data. This review provides the survey of different visual cryptography techniques adopted to achieve better security and also discusses their advantages and limitations. The comparison has been made on different visual cryptography methods with respect to performance, level of security and PSNR

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“…The two shadows can also be stacked together and the original QR code is restored as shown in Figure 2(a). If the scheme [13] is applied on specific QR code payment, the shadows are only vulnerable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, the shadows are hidden in an undetectable state using the QR code background fusion on such basis [13]. Specifically, two shadows are respectively embedded into two similar images and the results are fused with two identical carrier QR code by using QR code background fusion strategy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Schemes for Mobile Payment Authentication Using QR Code and Visual Cryptography

Yang

et al. 2017

Mobile Information Systems

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QR code (quick response code) is used due to its beneficial properties, especially in the mobile payment field. However, there exists an inevitable risk in the transaction process. It is not easily perceived that the attacker tampers with or replaces the QR code that contains merchant’s beneficiary account. Thus, it is of great urgency to conduct authentication of QR code. In this study, we propose a novel mechanism based on visual cryptography scheme (VCS) and aesthetic QR code, which contains three primary schemes for different concealment levels. The main steps of these schemes are as follows. Firstly, one original QR code is split into two shadows using VC multiple rules; secondly, the two shadows are embedded into the same background image, respectively, and the embedded results are fused with the same carrier QR code, respectively, using XOR mechanism of RS and QR code error correction mechanism. Finally, the two aesthetic QR codes can be stacked precisely and the original QR code is restored according to the defined VCS. Experiments corresponding to three proposed schemes are conducted and demonstrate the feasibility and security of the mobile payment authentication, the significant improvement of the concealment for the shadows in QR code, and the diversity of mobile payment authentication.

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Developing Visual Cryptography for Authentication on Smartphones

Cited by 15 publications

References 12 publications

XOR-ed visual secret sharing scheme with robust and meaningful shadows based on QR codes

XOR-ed visual secret sharing scheme with robust and meaningful shadows based on QR codes

Research of High Speed and Energy Efficient Visual Cryptography Techniques

Multiple Schemes for Mobile Payment Authentication Using QR Code and Visual Cryptography

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