Development and Application of Quantitative Detection  Method for Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV) Genogroup IVa

Kim, Jong‐Oh; Kim, Wi‐Sik; Kim, Si-Woo; Han, Hyun‐Ja; Kim, Jin Woo; Park, Myoung Ae; Oh, Myung‐Joo

doi:10.3390/v6052204

Cited by 37 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Research on other virus types suggests that the number of virus copies and TCID 50 are comparable. 45 However, it would be important to confirm this for SARS-CoV-2. Third, for breath and cough microdroplets release, we used data collected in experimental setups involving healthy young participants.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of Viral Aerosol Emissions From Simulated Individuals With Asymptomatic to Moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019

2020

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IMPORTANCE Individuals with asymptomatic or mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been reported to frequently transmit the disease even without direct contact. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has been found at very high concentrations in swab and sputum samples from such individuals. OBJECTIVE To estimate the virus levels released from individuals with asymptomatic to moderate COVID-19 into different aerosol sizes by normal breathing and coughing, and to determine what exposure could result from this in a room shared with such individuals. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This mathematical modeling study combined the sizedistribution of exhaled breath microdroplets for coughing and normal breathing with viral swab and sputum concentrations as approximation for lung lining liquid to obtain an estimate of emitted virus levels. Viral data were obtained from studies published as of May 20, 2020. The resulting emission data fed a single-compartment model of airborne concentrations in a room of 50 m 3 , the size of a small office or medical examination room. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Modeling was used to estimate the viral load emitted by individuals breathing normally or coughing, and the concentrations expected in the simulated room at different ventilation rates. RESULTS The mean estimated viral load in microdroplets emitted by simulated individuals while breathing regularly was 0.0000049 copies/cm 3 , with a range of 0.0000000049 to 0.637 copies/ cm 3. The corresponding estimates for simulated coughing individuals were a mean of 0.277 copies/cm 3 per cough, with a range of 0.000277 to 36 030 copies/cm 3 per cough. The estimated concentrations in a room with an individual who was coughing frequently were very high, with a maximum of 7.44 million copies/m 3 from an individual who was a high emitter. However, regular breathing from an individual who was a high emitter was modeled to result in lower room concentrations of up to 1248 copies/m 3. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this modeling study, breathing and coughing were estimated to release large numbers of viruses, ranging from thousands to millions of virus copies per cubic meter in a room with an individual with COVID-19 with a high viral load, depending on ventilation and microdroplet formation process. The estimated infectious risk posed by a person with typical viral load who breathes normally was low. The results suggest that only few people with very high viral load pose an infection risk in poorly ventilated closed environments. These findings suggest that strict respiratory protection may be needed when there is a chance to be in the same small room with an individual, whether symptomatic or not, especially for a prolonged period.

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Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of Viral Aerosol Emissions From Simulated Individuals With Asymptomatic to Moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019

2020

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“…Based on geographic location and genomic sequence similarities, VHSV was partitioned for four groups (I-IV) and several subgroups (IVa, IVb and IVc) (Einer-jensen et al, 2004). Here, the phylogenetic analysis based on the whole-genome sequences and G gene sequences revealed that the VHSVLB2018 isolate belonged to genotype IVa, which is similar to the VHSV isolates from other fishes in Asia (Kim et al, 2014). Differently, a VHSV isolate of genotype IVb was detected from largemouth bass in the great lakes region in the United States and Canada (Kim & Faisal, 2011;Throckmorton et al, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…Since the first VHSV strain was isolated from farmed Japanese flounder in Japan (Takano, Nishizawa, Arimoto, & Muroga, ), many different strains of VHSV have been reported in a wide range of fish species in Asia. Almost all Asia isolates of VHSV were classified into genotype IVa (Ahmadivand et al, ; Kim et al, ). It is well known that VHSV can be transferred by contaminated water and fish‐to‐fish contact; thus, VHSVLB2018 probably originated from other VHSV isolates in Asia through horizontal transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Isolation and identification of a viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) isolate from wild largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides in China

Zhang

Xiang

et al. 2019

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Fish rhabdoviruses are a family of viruses responsible for large‐scale fish die‐offs worldwide. Here, we reported the isolation and identification of a member of rhabdoviruses from wild largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) in the coastal area of the Pearl River Estuary, China. This virus isolate was identified as viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) by specific RT‐PCR. Furthermore, the virus (VHSVLB2018) was isolated by cell culture using fathead minnow cells and confirmed by RT‐PCR. Electron microscopy showed the presence of bullet‐shaped viral particles in the cytoplasm of infected cells. The complete sequencing of VHSVLB2018 confirmed that it was genome configuration typical of rhabdoviruses. Phylogenetic analysis based on whole‐genome sequences and G gene nucleotides sequences revealed that VHSVLB2018 was assigned to VHSV genogroup Ⅳa. The pathogenicity of VHSVLB2018 was determined in infection experiments using specific pathogen‐free largemouth bass juveniles. VHSVLB2018‐infected fish showed typical clinical signs of VHSV disease, including darkened skin, petechial haemorrhages and pale enlarged livers, with the cumulative mortalities reached 63.3%–93.3% by 7 days post‐infection. VHSVLB2018 was re‐isolated from dead fish and confirmed by RT‐PCR. Together, this is the first report of isolation and identification of a VHSV isolate from wild largemouth bass in China.

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“…2) We used information about virus copies but compare the results with TCID 50 infective dose. Research on other virus types suggests that the number of virus copies and TCID 50 are comparable 45 . However, it would be important to confirm this relationship for the case of SARS-CoV-2.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of SARS-CoV-2 aerosol emissions from simulated patients with COVID-19 and no to moderate symptoms

Riediker

Tsai

2020

Preprint

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Importance: Cases of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with no or mild symptoms were reported to frequently transmit the disease even without direct contact. The severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS-COV-2) was found at very high concentrations in swab and sputum of such cases. Objective: We aimed to estimate in a mathematical modeling study the virus release from such cases into different aerosol sizes by normal breathing and coughing, and what exposure can result from this in a room shared with such as case. Data Sources and Model: We combined the size-distribution of exhaled breath microdroplets for coughing and normal breathing with viral sputum concentrations as approximation for lung lining liquid to obtain an estimate of emitted virus levels. The resulting emission data fed a single-compartment model of airborne concentrations in a room of 50 m3, the size of a small office or medical exam room. Results: The estimated viral load in microdroplets emitted by simulated patients while breathing normally was on typical 0.0000049 copies/cm3 and could go up to 0.637 copies/cm3. The corresponding numbers for coughing simulated patients were 0.277 copies/cm3 and 36,030/cm3, respectively, per cough. The resulting concentrations in a room with a coughing emitter were always very high, up to 7.44 million copies/m3. However, also regular breathing microdroplets from high emitters was modelled to lead to 1248 copies/m3. Conclusions and Relevance: In this modelling study, breathing and coughing were estimated to release large numbers of viruses, ranging from thousands to millions of virus copies/m3 in a room with an emitter having a high viral load, depending on ventilation and microdroplet formation process. These findings suggest that strict respiratory protection may be needed when there is a chance to be in the same room with a patient - whether symptomatic or not - especially for a prolonged time.

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Development and Application of Quantitative Detection Method for Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV) Genogroup IVa

Cited by 37 publications

References 18 publications

Estimation of Viral Aerosol Emissions From Simulated Individuals With Asymptomatic to Moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019

Estimation of Viral Aerosol Emissions From Simulated Individuals With Asymptomatic to Moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019

Isolation and identification of a viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) isolate from wild largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides in China

Estimation of SARS-CoV-2 aerosol emissions from simulated patients with COVID-19 and no to moderate symptoms

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