“…Thirty-three studies operationalize performance as knowledge. These authors evaluated students' performance by analyzing knowledge gain ((Allen, Eagleson and de Ribaupierre, 2016, Amer and Nemenqani, 2020, Andersen et al, 2021, Bergman et al, 2016, Bernardo et al, 2004, Bhat et al, 2022, Bracken et al, 2021, Brewer et al, 2016, Ens, Janzen and Palmert, 2016, Ganji et al, 2022, Gaupp, Körner and Fabry, 2016, Gillan et al, 2018, McCoy et al, 2020, Yilmaz et al, 2021 knowledge Change (Elbeddini and Tayefehchamani, 2021), knowledge acquisition (Fransen et al, 2018), knowledge retention (Lorenzo-Alvarez et al, 2019), knowledge transfer (Krahe et al, 2020) knowledge improvement (Camargo et al, 2014), learning outcomes (Choi-Lundberg, Cuellar and Williams, 2016, Krahe et al, 2020, Kulier et al, 2008, Liu et al, 2021, and academic performance (Gupta et al, 2020, McLaughlin et al, 2013, van Bonn et al, 2022 in students who underwent a specific e-learning intervention by evaluating the test or exam scores.…”