Development and challenges of LiFePO<sub>4</sub>cathode material for lithium-ion batteries

Li, Yuan; Wang, Zhao-Hui; Zhang, Wu Xing; Hu, Xian Luo; Chen, Ji Tao; Huang, Yun; Goodenough, John B

doi:10.1039/c0ee00029a

Cited by 1,131 publications

(669 citation statements)

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“…7 Phospho-olivines such as LFP provide good operational characteristics in terms of thermal runaways and are furthermore environmentally friendly and cost-efficient. [8][9][10] By partial substitution of Fe by Mn in LiFePO 4 , the isostructural LiFe x Mn 1-x PO 4 4 11-14 . Benefits of higher cell voltage and energy density of LiFe x Mn 1-x PO 4 -based batteries are accompanied by problems caused by Mn dissolution.…”

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confidence: 99%

Gas Evolution and Capacity Fading in LiFe_xMn_1-xPO₄/Graphite Cells Studied by Neutron Imaging and Neutron Induced Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis

Starke

Seidlmayer

Schulz

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The gas evolution in LFP/graphite and LFMP/graphite cells during the formation has been analyzed via neutron imaging (NI). The results show that in LFMP/graphite cells approximately 30% more gas is generated in comparison to LFP/graphite and stronger gas evolution is associated with the presence of Mn. For the LFP/graphite cell two different linear phases in gas evolution rate can be detected while LFMP/graphite cells reveal an additional phase. In both full-cells a distinct relation between gas evolution and electrode potentials has been determined. Additional neutron induced Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis (PGAA) measurements were carried out in order to correlate long-term Mn dissolution and capacity retention. Long-term cycling showed higher capacity retention for the LFMP/graphite cells. The results of PGAA prove that Mn dissolution decreases rapidly with increased cycle number and the Mn dissolution rate of LFMP is far below values observed for oxide-type cathode materials. Long-term cycling showed that the negative effects of higher irreversible capacity loss in the formation step and more gas evolution of LFMP/graphite cells in comparison to LFP/graphite cells is compensated after several cycles due to higher capacity retention. Due to their high energy density and operating voltage lithiumion batteries are a key technology for mobile applications such as communication devices and electric vehicles.1-3 But also stationary energy storage systems are increasingly developed under usage of lithium-ion technology. Those stationary storage systems range from small (e. g. home storage for photovoltaic plants) to large scale applications (grid stabilization). [4][5][6] Especially in cases of high capital expenditures, consumers and operators expect a long battery lifetime in terms of capacity and charge and discharge characteristics.Applications like home energy storage require high operational safety standards. These requirements are met by the cathode active material LiFePO 4 (LFP), which has first been described in 1997. Phospho-olivines such as LFP provide good operational characteristics in terms of thermal runaways and are furthermore environmentally friendly and cost-efficient. The dissolution of Mn from LFMP as such has recently been investigated and a strong correlation between dissolved Mn and traces of H 2 O contamination in the electrolyte has been stated. It has also been found that in case of LFMP there is no selective dissolution of Mn since Fe is dissolved as well and the Mn/Fe ratio in the electrolyte and the active material is equal. 18Another study has shown that transition metal dissolution also occurs in oxide-type active materials such as layered Nickel-ManganeseCobalt oxide based active materials (NMC). 19 In case of NMC all z E-mail: benjamin.starke@haw-landshut.de present transition metals Ni, Mn and Co dissolve in the electrolyte and migrate to the anodic graphite. But while Ni and Co remain in the oxidation state +II, Mn is reduced to Mn 0 and subsequently reoxidized to Mn 2+ under co...

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confidence: 99%

Gas Evolution and Capacity Fading in LiFe_xMn_1-xPO₄/Graphite Cells Studied by Neutron Imaging and Neutron Induced Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis

Starke

Seidlmayer

Schulz

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…56 LiFePO 4 has high thermal and cycling stability, comprises elements that are abundant, inexpensive, and environmentally benign, and does not react with oxygen up to 350°C. 57 These features make Li x FePO 4 an attractive cathode from the perspectives of safety, cost, environment, and lifetime.…”

Section: Advanced Cathodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The energy-storage frontier: Lithium-ion batteries and beyond

2015

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The story of the lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery is a fascinating study in how science and technology transform expansive general ideas into specifi c technology outcomes, advanced by many scientifi c disciplines and players in diverse international settings. The fi nal product, what is now called the Li-ion battery (illustrated in Figure 1 ), continues to have a transformational impact on personal electronics, affecting communication, computation, entertainment, information, and the fundamental ways in which we interact with information and people. In recounting this story, we acknowledge the basic themes it illustrates: vision, challenges, course-changing discoveries, outcomes that miss intended targets yet have transformational impacts, and compelling opportunities left on the table.Several accounts of the history of Li-ion batteries have recently appeared. 1 -9 This article presents a brief overview of the motivations, challenges, and unexpected solutions in Li-ion battery development, as well as the failures and triumphs that have marked their trajectory from conceptualization through commercialization to their dominant place in the market today. The concept: Li-metal anodes and intercalation cathodesIt is easy to understand the appeal of Li as a battery material. As the most reducing element and the lightest metal in the periodic table, Li promises high operating voltage, low weight, and high energy-storage density. These appealing features of Li have been known and discussed for use in primary (nonrechargeable) and secondary (rechargeable) batteries since the 1950s, 10 -12 and several primary batteries reacting Li with cathodes such as (CF) n , MnO 2 , aluminum, and iodine were proposed or developed in the 1960s. 13 Early work on Li rechargeable batteries used molten lithium and molten sulfur as electrodes, separated by a molten salt as the electrolyte, operating at ∼ 450°C. 13A pathway for using lithium in room-temperature rechargeable batteries was established in the early 1970s, when Whittingham and others realized that electrochemical intercalation of guest molecules into layered hosts, previously viewed as a synthesis technique, could also be used to store and release energy in battery electrodes. 7 , 8 , 13 -16 One of the triggers for this intellectual leap was the synthesis of more thanThe energy-storage frontier: Lithium-ion batteries and beyond George Crabtree , Elizabeth Kócs , and Lynn TraheyMaterials play a critical enabling role in many energy technologies, but their development and commercialization often follow an unpredictable and circuitous path. In this article, we illustrate this concept with the history of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, which have enabled unprecedented personalization of our lifestyles through portable information and communication technology. These remarkable batteries enable the widespread use of laptop and tablet computers, access to entertainment on portable devices such as hand-held music players and video game consoles, and enhanced communication and networking o...

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“…1 Since olivine-type LiFePO 4 was reported in 1997, 2 much attention and widespread concern have been paid on this material. A lot of researches [3][4][5] about the synthesis process, structure, electrochemical performance and applications had been accomplished, then great progress in physical, chemical properties and synthesis technology had been achieved. [6][7][8] However, the low electronic conductivity of LiFePO 4 restricts its large-scale application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Two-step Carbon Coating on the Electrochemical Properties of LiFePO<sub>4</sub>/C Cathode Material

Jin

Zhan

et al. 2015

Electrochemistry

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Based on the method of in-situ polymerization synthesis, combining with two-step sintering process and two-step carbon coating, LiFePO 4 /C composite cathode material had been prepared. The structure, microstructure and morphology were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrograph and scanning electron microscope (SEM) respectively. The electrochemical performances were researched by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and charge/discharge capacity. The results indicated that two-step carbon coating for LiFePO 4 was of more remarkable advantages compared with one-step carbon coating sample, such as more complete carbon coating and better electrochemical performance.

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Development and challenges of LiFePO₄cathode material for lithium-ion batteries

Cited by 1,131 publications

References 157 publications

Gas Evolution and Capacity Fading in LiFe_xMn_1-xPO₄/Graphite Cells Studied by Neutron Imaging and Neutron Induced Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis

Gas Evolution and Capacity Fading in LiFe_xMn_1-xPO₄/Graphite Cells Studied by Neutron Imaging and Neutron Induced Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis

The energy-storage frontier: Lithium-ion batteries and beyond

The Effects of Two-step Carbon Coating on the Electrochemical Properties of LiFePO<sub>4</sub>/C Cathode Material

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Development and challenges of LiFePO4cathode material for lithium-ion batteries

Cited by 1,131 publications

References 157 publications

Gas Evolution and Capacity Fading in LiFexMn1-xPO4/Graphite Cells Studied by Neutron Imaging and Neutron Induced Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis

Gas Evolution and Capacity Fading in LiFexMn1-xPO4/Graphite Cells Studied by Neutron Imaging and Neutron Induced Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis

The energy-storage frontier: Lithium-ion batteries and beyond

The Effects of Two-step Carbon Coating on the Electrochemical Properties of LiFePO<sub>4</sub>/C Cathode Material

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Development and challenges of LiFePO₄cathode material for lithium-ion batteries

Gas Evolution and Capacity Fading in LiFe_xMn_1-xPO₄/Graphite Cells Studied by Neutron Imaging and Neutron Induced Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis

Gas Evolution and Capacity Fading in LiFe_xMn_1-xPO₄/Graphite Cells Studied by Neutron Imaging and Neutron Induced Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis