Development and characterization of bladder acellular matrix cross-linked by dialdehyde carboxymethyl cellulose for bladder tissue engineering

Abstract

To address the disadvantage of rapid degradation and serious immune response of bladder acellular matrix tissues in clinical application, oxidized carboxymethyl cellulose was developed to replace commonly used glutaraldehyde, to fix BAM tissues for lower cytotoxicity.

Bioinspired silk fibroin materials: From silk building blocks extraction and reconstruction to advanced biomedical applications

“…Until now, many scientists have tried to develop suitable biodegradable materials for urethral reconstructions. A few kinds of natural matrices, including bladder acellular matrix (BAM) [ 140 , 141 ] and small intestinal submucosa (SIS) [ 142 , 143 ], as well as popular synthetic polymeric materials were used to treat urethra stricture in preclinical or clinical stages. It has been reported that the BAM and SIS from other species or individuals may present a potential risk of disease transmission, and the acidic degradation products from most synthetic polymer probably have some negative effect for cell growth and immune response.…”

Tissue Engineering for Mimics and Modulations of Immune Functions

“…[ 118 ] Current existing methods for eliminating acellular antigenicity include genetic modification [ 119–128 ] and fixation. [ 94,105,129–137 ]…”

“…DCMC was evaluated and proved to be feasible for crosslinking bladder acellular matrix. [ 129 ] DCMC‐fixed bladder was stable with maintained tissue ultrastructure reduced α ‐Gal expression and preserved functional growth factors. Chondroitin sulfate‐crosslinked decellularized goat corneas elicited lower immune responses than non‐crosslinked decellularized corneas due to the restoration of distorted collagen fibril conformation.…”

Investigating the Behavior of Mucoadhesive Polysaccharide-Functionalized Graphene Oxide in Bladder Environment

“…In contrast, the anionic carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is commonly used as a solvent or excipient for drug formulations injected into bladder for disease treatments. , Use for development of a drug-delivery system in bladder, however, has been rare, although there were studies reporting the mucoadhesive properties in bladder. − The developed silver nanoparticle containing a carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel composite exhibited high antibacterial activity when tested against a variety of urinary tract infection pathogens . Oxidized carboxymethylcellulose was used as a cross-linking agent replacement to reduce the cytotoxicity and immune response generated by glutaraldehyde in bladder acellular matrix in addition to slowing down the deterioration rate . Incidentally, carboxymethylcellulose application has reported enhanced tumor inhibition exceeding that of pristine drugs, extended systemic circulation, and reduced toxicity. − …”

“…22 Oxidized carboxymethylcellulose was used as a cross-linking agent replacement to reduce the cytotoxicity and immune response generated by glutaraldehyde in bladder acellular matrix in addition to slowing down the deterioration rate. 23 Incidentally, carboxymethylcellulose application has reported enhanced tumor inhibition exceeding that of pristine drugs, extended systemic circulation, and reduced toxicity. 24−26 Graphene oxide (GO) is a two-dimensional (2-D) material that has been brought into the limelight in recent years due to its coveted properties in the biomedical field.…”