Development and characterization of cerium oxide catalyst supported on ceramic honeycomb substrate to reduce emissions of spark ignition engine

Abstract

ABTRACTThis paper presents an innovative method to reduce cold start emissions of a four-stroke three-cylinder multi point fuel injection spark ignition engine. In this work, a glow plug is used as a heating source to maintain the activation temperature of a catalytic converter. This method is less complex than variable vacuum insulation method. In this work, cerium oxide (CeO2) coated on the ceramic honeycomb substrate was used as a catalyst to lower the cost of a catalytic converter. A reduction of 34% carbon monoxide and 33% un-burnt hydrocarbon was observed at the idling condition with CeO2 as the catalyst and glow plug as the heating source in the catalytic converter. The results obtained from the engine which is fitted with CeO2 coated catalytic converter show the lowest emissions at all loads. Carbon monoxide and un-burnt hydrocarbon emissions (with catalytic converter) have reduced 68% and 71%, respectively, in comparison with a non-catalytic converter engine test at full load engine operation. The new catalytic converter competes with the existing noble metal-based catalytic converter due to the use of inexpensive CeO2 as a catalyst.

Electron spins coupling of coconut shell activated nanocarbons in solid propellant on improving to the thrust stability and specific impulses

“…C4 in stoichiometric conditions that the amount of Al as fuel is added to 5% which can increase the gas pressure. Thus, using micro carbon in solid propellants can decrease gas pressure in the nozzle, but using carbon nano as a catalyst that can increase gas pressure in the nozzle [20,21]. As shown in Figure 11, curve of C2, C3, C4 are stable burning because the influence of carbon serves as a capacitor that causes aluminum particles to burn evenly and stable combustion.…”

Liquid-liquid extraction of cerium using synergist extractant

“…Each of the REE has exclusive potential in enhance current technology by incorporate the materials such as into the wind turbine, flat screen monitor, lithium ion hybrid car battery and anti-corrosive paint [1]- [4]. For example, CeO (cerium oxide) acts as catalyst supported on ceramic honeycomb substrate manages to reduce the emissions of spark ignition engine [5]. This paper is considered significant in rare earth production industry mainly in solvent extraction phase where the process of extraction of REE is conducted.…”

Economic potential assessment of rare earth extraction sequence based on rule-based framework

“…This classification is based on their solubility in double salt or extractability towards acidic extractant. Their main role is very crucial particularly in various green-based industries comprising of industrial magnet [2], catalyst [3], glass polishing [4], phosphors (electronic devices) [5], ceramics [6] as well as defense [6]. All REEs are mainly recovered from mining processing which typically involves five major stepsmining (from the ground to crushed ore), milling (beneficiation), hydrometallurgical processing (transforming REE minerals into RE oxides), separation (extracting as well as purifying the individual REE), refinement (adjusting the REEs quality according to a specific technological demand specification) prior to downstream processing [7].…”

“…IF the targeted REE is relatively high in proportion, THEN large number of extraction stages is expected, ELSE other feed characterization is required to sustain the economic viability. 2 IF the chosen extractant contains relatively high number of separation factor of the targeted REE, THEN small number of extraction stages is expected, ELSE other sets of extractant is required 3. IF the total number of separation stages of the targeted REE is relatively small compared to others, THEN the applied extractant is the ideal option, ELSE different configuration of feed composition and extractant is required 4.…”