Development and Evaluation of a Molecular Hepatitis A Virus Assay for Serum and Stool Specimens

Kozak, Robert; Rutherford, Candy; Richard-Greenblatt, Melissa; Chau, Nelson; Cabrera, Ana; Biondi, Mia J; Borlang, Jamie; Day, Jaqueline; Osiowy, Carla; Ramachandran, Sumathi; Mayer, Nancy; Glaser, Laurel; Śmieja, Marek

doi:10.3390/v14010159

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…agricultural irrigation. According to the current research, which is in line with other studies, these waters serve as the primary irrigation supply for agriculture and, in the event of contamination, serve as a source of infection for the public[26] [16].Other studies[27] [28] [16][29] have noted the significance of the HAV IgM positive rate in relation to the source of drinking water. Individual water systems that used wells with untreated ground water were most frequently connected to reported cases of hepatitis A infection related with drinking water.…”

supporting

confidence: 87%

Prevalence of HAV IgM marker of Hepatitis A virus among patients of all Ages in Diyala province/Iraq

Noor Qasim Rashid,

Ansam Dawod Salman

2024

Acad. Sci. J.

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The most prevalent viral infection that causes hepatitis is hepatitis A virus (HAV), which continues to be a worldwide health issue for both developed and underdeveloped nations. By calculating the rate of HAV IgM positive, the current study sought to determine the prevalence of HAV infections among patients in the province of Diyala. In the present study, a total of 180 blood specimens were collected from patients, who referred to diagnostic individuals in Diyala Province, Iraq from October /2022 till Agust 2023. The presence of HAV in the specimens was investigated using ELISA technique. The results of the current study revealed that the overall positivity rate of HAV IgM was 13.3%. HAV IgM positivity was higher among 1-2 years old group. While, it was insignificantly higher among females compared to males (54.2%). Furthermore, HAV IgM positivity rate was insignificantly higher among Rurales compared to urbans (58.3%, 41.7%). Additionally the results showed that HAV IgM positivity rate among those used unsterilized water (70.8%) was significantly higher than that sterilized water (29.2%). Moreover, the results found that those with un vaccinated with HAV vaccine had significantly higher (79.2%) HAV IgM positivity rate. The present study founded that it is important to increase our knowledge about the frequency of HAV infections among patients and early diagnosis of HAV infections is essential in community for infection control.

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supporting

confidence: 87%

Prevalence of HAV IgM marker of Hepatitis A virus among patients of all Ages in Diyala province/Iraq

Noor Qasim Rashid,

Ansam Dawod Salman

2024

Acad. Sci. J.

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“…HAV is an emerging public health concern and is responsible for over 1.5 million annual cases in humans globally [ 58 ]. Concerning the host range of HAV, it is limited to humans and several species of NHPs [ 59 , 60 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological Survey and Risk Factor Analysis of 14 Potential Pathogens in Golden Snub-Nosed Monkeys at Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, China

Wang

et al. 2023

Pathogens

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Golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellanae) belong to Class A, the highest level of endangered primate species. Exploring the infection status of potential pathogens in golden snub-nosed monkeys is important for controlling associated diseases and protecting this species. The objective of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence for a number of potential pathogens and the prevalence of fecal adenovirus and rotavirus. A total of 283 fecal samples were collected from 100 golden snub-nosed monkeys in December 2014, June 2015, and January 2016; 26 blood samples were collected from 26 monkeys in June 2014, June 2015, January 2016 and November 2016 at Shennongjia National Reserve in Hubei, China. The infection of 11 potential viral diseases was examined serologically using an Indirect Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA) and Dot Immunobinding Assays (DIA), while the whole blood IFN-γ in vitro release assay was used to test tuberculosis (TB). In addition, fecal Adenovirus and Rotavirus were detected using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). As a result, the Macacine herpesvirus-1 (MaHV-1), Golden snub-nosed monkey cytomegalovirus (GsmCMV), Simian foamy virus (SFV) and Hepatitis A virus (HAV) were detected with the seroprevalence of 57.7% (95% CI: 36.9, 76.6), 38.5% (95% CI: 20.2, 59.4), 26.9% (95% CI: 11.6, 47.8), and 7.7% (95% CI: 0.0, 84.2), respectively. Two fecal samples tested positive for Adenovirus (ADV) by PCR, with a prevalence of 0.7% (95% CI: 0.2, 2.5), and further, the amplification products were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that they belonged to the HADV-G group. However, other pathogens, such as Coxsackievirus (CV), Measles virus (MeV), Rotavirus (RV), Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), Simian type D retroviruses (SRV), Simian-T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (STLV-1), Simian varicella virus (SVV), Simian virus 40 (SV40) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (TB) were negative in all samples. In addition, a risk factor analysis indicated that the seroprevalence of MaHV-1 infection was significantly associated with old age (≥4 years). These results have important implications for understanding the health status and conservation of the endangered golden snub-nosed monkey population at Shennongjia Nature Reserve.

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“…However, studies estimate that 10-30% of patients may not be diagnosed by serology. Molecular assays that can directly detect viral nucleic acids have the potential to improve diagnosis (such as real-time PCR), which is key to preventing the spread of infections [81][82][83][84][85][86][87] (Figure 3). Antibodies are the body's natural protection against infection, and their level of HAV in the blood is used to detect whether a patient has an ongoing or prior infection.…”

Section: Hav Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The high sensitivity of RT-qPCR, its low cost, and the increased specificity achieved by using fluorescent probes have made it the gold standard for HAV detection in food. RT-qPCR, in particular, allows for quantitative viral detection for threat risk assessment analysis and is applied to enhance preventative measures and food-related laws [ 86 , 88 ]. While developing a robust cell culture method for assessing HAV infectivity in food might be a huge step, RT-qPCR is a quick and low-cost technique that offers a more precise indication of the risk related to infected food and water [ 88 ].…”

Section: Hav Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis A: Viral Structure, Classification, Life Cycle, Clinical Symptoms, Diagnosis Error, and Vaccination

Gholizadeh

Akbarzadeh

Hashemi

et al. 2023

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiolog

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Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is one of the well-known viruses that cause hepatitis all around the globe. Although this illness has decreased in developed countries due to extensive immunization, numerous developing and under-developed countries are struggling with this virus. HAV infection can be spread by oral-fecal contact, and there are frequent epidemics through nutrition. Improvements in socioeconomic and sanitary circumstances have caused a shift in the disease’s prevalence worldwide. Younger children are usually asymptomatic, but as they become older, the infection symptoms begin to appear. Symptoms range from slight inflammation and jaundice to acute liver failure in older individuals. While an acute infection may be self-limiting, unrecognized persistent infections, and the misapplication of therapeutic methods based on clinical guidelines are linked to a higher incidence of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and mortality. Fortunately, most patients recover within two months of infection, though 10–15% of patients will relapse within the first six months. A virus seldom leads to persistent infection or liver damage. The mainstay of therapy is based on supportive care. All children from 12–23 months, as well as some susceptible populations, should receive routine vaccinations, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Pediatrics. Laboratory diagnosis of HAV is based on antigen detection, checking liver enzyme levels, and antibody screening. Furthermore, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology has identified HAV in suspected nutrition sources; therefore, this technique is used for preventative measures and food-related laws.

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Development and Evaluation of a Molecular Hepatitis A Virus Assay for Serum and Stool Specimens

Cited by 12 publications

References 27 publications

Prevalence of HAV IgM marker of Hepatitis A virus among patients of all Ages in Diyala province/Iraq

Prevalence of HAV IgM marker of Hepatitis A virus among patients of all Ages in Diyala province/Iraq

Epidemiological Survey and Risk Factor Analysis of 14 Potential Pathogens in Golden Snub-Nosed Monkeys at Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, China

Hepatitis A: Viral Structure, Classification, Life Cycle, Clinical Symptoms, Diagnosis Error, and Vaccination

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