“…To evaluate and draw conclusions about observed competence, teacher competence frameworks frequently include performance-level descriptors and indicators for various progression levels (Blömeke, Gustafsson, & Shavelson, 2015;Shavelson, 2010). Tools used in teacher assessment include self-assessment tools, such as questionnaires (Bakx, Baartman, & Van Schilt-Mol, 2014;Kunter et al, 2013;Malva, Leijen, & Baucal, 2020;Tondeur, Van Braak, Ertmer, & Ottenbreit-Leftwich, 2017), scenarios where teachers have to answer open-ended questions (Klug, Bruder, Kelava, Spiel, & Schmitz, 2013), video-based assessments (König, 2015;Roelofs & Sanders, 2007), lesson observation, which is the most widely used tool (Zohar & Schwartzer, 2005), and a clear set of standards against which to benchmark teacher performance (for a review, see Hallinger, Heck, and Murphy (2014)).…”