Development and Evaluation of an Extruded Balanced Food for Sheep Based on Cottonseed Meal (Gossypium hirsutum)

Abstract

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the content of cottonseed meal (Gossypium hirsutum) and the processing variables on the functional properties and the content of gossypol of an extruded feed for sheep (Ovis aries). The diet was balanced according to the requirements of fattening Dorper sheep breed under 1 year. The extrusion process was optimized using a surface response methodology, with four independent variables: temperature in the last heating zone (120–160°C), moisture content (14–18%), screw speed (120 rpm–180 rpm), and cottonseed meal content (9 g–27 g 100 g−1), in a single screw extruder. The optimal food had 27.25% crude protein, 4.24% crude fat, 12.21% crude fiber, 46.95% nitrogen-free extract, and 9.35% ash. The composition of essential amino acids in the optimal diet was 1.00 g kg−1 of lysine, 1.25 g kg−1 of phenylalanine, 2.04 g kg−1 of leucine, 0.87 g kg−1 of isoleucine, 0.98 g kg−1 of threonine, 1.15 g kg−1 of valine, and 0.65 g kg−1 of histidine. The fatty acids present in the highest concentration in the optimal diet were 2.14% linoleic acid, 1.11% oleic acid, and 0.81% palmitic acid. The gossypol content of the optimal diet was less than 0.1%, which ensures the safety of cottonseed meal as a protein source. The optimum conditions of the extrusion process were 120°C temperature, 120 rpm screw speed, 14.00% humidity, and 27 g 100 g−1 cottonseed meal.

Effect of Vegetable Oils or Glycerol on the In Vitro Ruminal Production of Greenhouse Gases

“…Each treatment was randomly selected and subjected to each analysis as a triplicate. The treatments consisted of a diet composed of 500 g/kg of a previously designed extrudate [22], 300 g/kg of corn, 190 g/kg of alfalfa, and 10 g/kg of minerals, to which were added 0, 20, and 40 g/kg of vegetable oils (canola, corn, safflower, and sunflower) in DM basis or crude glycerin. After extrusion processing, treatments were dried in a forced-air oven at 55 • C for 48 h and crushed in a Wiley-TP4274E70024 mill (Thomas Scientific, Morelia, Michoacán, México) with a 1 mm sieve looking for uniformity in particle size.…”