Development and Function of the Fetal Endocrine System

Porter, Tom E.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-1804-3_13

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…Development of the human endocrine system commences at approximately gestational week 4, involving hormone production related to subsequent fetal growth in gestational weeks 4–10. 37 In contrast, fetal adipose tissue deposition primarily occurs throughout the latter 3 rd of gestation. 38 Hence exposures at distinct periods of gestation may have a differential impact on fetal development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal antimicrobial use and early-childhood body mass index

et al. 2017

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Prenatal antibiotic, but not antifungal, use is associated with larger BMI at the age of 2 years; associations were stronger for antibiotic exposures in earlier trimesters. Future studies examining whether these associations are due to alterations in the maternal and/or infant microbiome are necessary. Children who are overweight at the age of 2 years are at higher risk for being overweight as they age; prenatal antibiotic use is a potentially modifiable exposure that could reduce childhood obesity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal antimicrobial use and early-childhood body mass index

et al. 2017

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“…The level of glucose in the umbilical cord, however, was lower than that in maternal circulation. This is not surprising, as glucose is transported across the placenta resulting in a constant supply from the dam, and therefore foetal gluconeogenesis is limited (Porter, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of realimentation after nutrient restriction during mid‐ to late gestation on pancreatic digestive enzymes, serum insulin and glucose levels, and insulin‐containing cell cluster morphology

Keomanivong

Camacho

Lemley

et al. 2016

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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This study examined effects of stage of gestation and nutrient restriction with subsequent realimentation on maternal and foetal bovine pancreatic function. Dietary treatments were assigned on day 30 of pregnancy and included: control (CON; 100% requirements; n = 18) and restricted (R; 60% requirements; n = 30). On day 85, cows were slaughtered (CON, n = 6; R, n = 6), remained on control (CC; n = 12) and restricted (RR; n = 12), or realimented to control (RC; n = 11). On day 140, cows were slaughtered (CC, n = 6; RR, n = 6; RC, n = 5), remained on control (CCC, n = 6; RCC, n = 5) or realimented to control (RRC, n = 6). On day 254, the remaining cows were slaughtered and serum samples were collected from the maternal jugular vein and umbilical cord to determine insulin and glucose concentrations. Pancreases from cows and foetuses were removed, weighed, and subsampled for enzyme and histological analysis. As gestation progressed, maternal pancreatic α-amylase activity decreased and serum insulin concentrations increased (p ≤ 0.03). Foetal pancreatic trypsin activity increased (p < 0.001) with advancing gestation. Foetal pancreases subjected to realimentation (CCC vs. RCC and RRC) had increased protein and α-amylase activity at day 254 (p ≤ 0.02), while trypsin (U/g protein; p = 0.02) demonstrated the opposite effect. No treatment effects were observed for maternal or foetal pancreatic insulin-containing cell clusters. Foetal serum insulin and glucose levels were reduced with advancing gestation (p ≤ 0.03). The largest maternal insulin-containing cell cluster was not influenced by advancing gestation, while foetal clusters grew throughout (p = 0.01). These effects indicate that maternal digestive enzymes are influenced by nutrient restriction and there is a potential for programming of increased foetal digestive enzyme production resulting from previous maternal nutrient restriction.

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“…The mechanism for exacerbation of fetal sex on asthma severity during pregnancy remains controversial. In developing male fetuses, testosterone is secreted from 8 weeks onward; testosterone level peaks at 12-16 weeks and then decreases to a low level in late gestation [21]. Testosterone potentiates b-adrenergic-mediated relaxation of bronchial tissue and inhibits response to histamine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exacerbation of Asthma during Pregnancy: Fetomaternal Outcomes

Ghimire

Ghimire²,

Ghimire³

2016

J Nobel Med Coll

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BackgroundAsthma is a common occurrence during pregnancy. Exacerbation during pregnancy represents a important and challenging medical problem and may result in poor fetomaternal outcomes. Until now, there are no studies comparing the fetomaternal outcomes in pregnant women with case (asthma) exacerbation and with control group (non-asthma) women of similar age and period of gestation. Therefore, we analysed selected fetomaternal outcomes retrospectively in these group of women. Material & MethodsThis is a retrospective observational comparative study. During the study period, total number of deliveries was 5,568. Women who were admitted with the diagnosis of exacerbation of asthma during pregnancy between 1st Jan 2015 to 31 st Dec were included in the study. These cases were compared with random selection of controls who were admitted in the same duration of time for the delivery without asthma after matching maternal age and period of gestation. Ethical clearance was obtained before the study. Fetomaternal outcomes were compared between women with exacerbation of asthma and non-asthma. Results One hundred and eight pregnant women from each asthmatic and non-asthmatic group were analysed for selected fetomaternal outcomes. The mean age of asthmatic and nonasthmatic group was 23.2± 4.3 and 24.9±3.2 years respectively. LSCS, UTI and preeclampsia were more common in asthmatic women. Birth weight and APGAR score was lower in babies with asthmatic women. Inpatient care and mortality rate were more common in babies of asthmatic women. Conclusion Exacerbation of asthma during pregnancy may result in poor fetomaternal outcome. Therefore, a more careful monitoring of women with exacerbation of asthma during pregnancy and delivery is required.

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Development and Function of the Fetal Endocrine System

Cited by 5 publications

References 111 publications

Prenatal antimicrobial use and early-childhood body mass index

Prenatal antimicrobial use and early-childhood body mass index

Effects of realimentation after nutrient restriction during mid‐ to late gestation on pancreatic digestive enzymes, serum insulin and glucose levels, and insulin‐containing cell cluster morphology

Exacerbation of Asthma during Pregnancy: Fetomaternal Outcomes

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