Development and Growth of Crop Root Systems

Klepper, Betty

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-2894-3_1

“…The downward penetration rate of the rooting front varies with soil temperature and a good correlation between this penetration rate and a particular soil isotherm is sometimes observed [38]. Temperature and temperature gradients affect not only root growth but also root initiation, branching and orientation [5,38,39].…”

Section: Heterogeneity Of Soil Constraints To Root Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil Exploration and Resource Acquisition by Plant Roots: An Architectural and Modelling Point of View

Doussan¹,

Pagès²,

Pierret³

2009

Sustainable Agriculture

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-We provide a brief overview on soil exploration and resource extraction by roots during the course of plant development. First, we examine how roots explore the soil volume in relation with the heterogeneity of soil conditions. We then consider resource acquisition by roots and root systems, taking into account the root system's heterogeneous functioning and its variable degree of plasticity. In extensive, complex and dynamic systems such as root systems, processes of soil exploration and resource acquisition can be analysed through the unifying point of view of root system architecture. We exemplify how a modelling approach based on the concepts of functional architecture has potential to provide sharper insight into the soil exploration/utilization processes. root system / model / architecture / review / soil exploration Résumé -Exploration du sol et acquisition des ressources hydro-minérales par les systèmes racinaires des végétaux : un point de vue architectural et de modélisation. Nous présentons une courte revue décrivant les grandes étapes de colonisation et d'exploitation du sol durant le développement de la plante. Nous montrons tout d'abord comment les racines explorent le sol en interagissant avec l'hétérogénéité des conditions de sol (du point de vue des nutriments ou des contraintes à la croissance). De cette vision essentiellement géométrique (exploration), nous passerons à l'exploitation des ressources par les racines en considérant l'hétérogénéité de fonctionnement du système racinaire ainsi que son plus ou moins fort degré de plasticité. Ces processus d'exploration et d'exploitation du sol seront présentés sous l'angle unificateur de la prise en compte de l'architecture racinaire. Dans des systèmes complexes et très dynamiques, comme un système racinaire, nous montrerons, avec des exemples récents, comment la modélisation, fondée sur une architecture fonctionnelle, permet d'aller plus loin dans la compréhension des processus d'exploration/exploitation du sol par les plantes. système racinaire / modélisation / architecture / revue / exploration du sol

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“…Roots can be classified into three main categories according to their ontogenesis: primary, nodal and lateral roots [30,39,60]. The primary root differentiates from the seed's radicle and leads to a single-axis root system, or taproot system, with dominant vertical root growth (gravitropism) that emerges first.…”

Section: Roots and Root System Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are often abundant and give rise to a fibrous root system. Adventitious roots are much less sensitive to gravitropism than primary roots [39]. The ability to produce adventitious roots is a genotypic feature [73b].…”

Section: Roots and Root System Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, continuous emission of nodal roots by cereals is a highly organized sequence in space and time that can be described by thermal time or leaf number [39,61]. Growth direction may be largely influenced by gravitropism or plagiotropism, the influence of which is highly variable among root branching orders or nodal/seminal roots [47,60].…”

Section: Dynamic Modelling Of Root Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Soil exploration and resource acquisition by plant roots: an architectural and modelling point of view

Doussan¹,

Pagès

²

,

Pierret

³

2003

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

-We provide a brief overview on soil exploration and resource extraction by roots during the course of plant development. First, we examine how roots explore the soil volume in relation with the heterogeneity of soil conditions. We then consider resource acquisition by roots and root systems, taking into account the root system's heterogeneous functioning and its variable degree of plasticity. In extensive, complex and dynamic systems such as root systems, processes of soil exploration and resource acquisition can be analysed through the unifying point of view of root system architecture. We exemplify how a modelling approach based on the concepts of functional architecture has potential to provide sharper insight into the soil exploration/utilization processes. root system / model / architecture / review / soil exploration Résumé -Exploration du sol et acquisition des ressources hydro-minérales par les systèmes racinaires des végétaux : un point de vue architectural et de modélisation. Nous présentons une courte revue décrivant les grandes étapes de colonisation et d'exploitation du sol durant le développement de la plante. Nous montrons tout d'abord comment les racines explorent le sol en interagissant avec l'hétérogénéité des conditions de sol (du point de vue des nutriments ou des contraintes à la croissance). De cette vision essentiellement géométrique (exploration), nous passerons à l'exploitation des ressources par les racines en considérant l'hétérogénéité de fonctionnement du système racinaire ainsi que son plus ou moins fort degré de plasticité. Ces processus d'exploration et d'exploitation du sol seront présentés sous l'angle unificateur de la prise en compte de l'architecture racinaire. Dans des systèmes complexes et très dynamiques, comme un système racinaire, nous montrerons, avec des exemples récents, comment la modélisation, fondée sur une architecture fonctionnelle, permet d'aller plus loin dans la compréhension des processus d'exploration/exploitation du sol par les plantes. système racinaire / modélisation / architecture / revue / exploration du sol

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“…The root system of most dicot plants usually develops from the radicle, while monocot plants have a fibrous root system, characterized by numerous adventitious (crown) roots (Klepper 1992). Crown and lateral roots develop postembryonically from differentiated cells, while a radicle develops during embryogenesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CRL4 regulates crown root formation through auxin transport in rice

Kitomi

¹

,

Ogawa

²

,

Kitano

³

et al. 2008

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Adventitious (crown) roots account for the majority of the root system of monocots. It is reported that auxin plays an important role in the formation of crown roots, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unknown. We characterized a rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutant crown rootless4 (crl4) that was found to have defective crown root formation. Besides reduced crown root number, the crl4 mutant showed auxin-related abnormal phenotypical characteristics such as reduced lateral root number and impaired root gravitropism. CRL4 encodes a protein highly homologous with Arabidopsis GNOM, which mediates auxin-dependent plant growth by coordinating the polar localization of auxin efflux carrier PIN1. In the crl4 mutant, auxin transport was impaired in shoots and roots. Besides, the GUS staining controlled by DR5 promoter in the node of crl4 mutant was fainter and spread wider than that of wild-type. These results indicate that maintaining an appropriate auxin accumulation and gradient through CRL4 in the basal portion of shoots is essential for crown root formation in rice.

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Development and Growth of Crop Root Systems

Cited by 49 publications

References 107 publications

Soil Exploration and Resource Acquisition by Plant Roots: An Architectural and Modelling Point of View

Soil Exploration and Resource Acquisition by Plant Roots: An Architectural and Modelling Point of View

Soil exploration and resource acquisition by plant roots: an architectural and modelling point of view

CRL4 regulates crown root formation through auxin transport in rice

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