Development and Implementation of a Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire for Ultraendurance Athletes

Blennerhassett, Claire; McNaughton, Lars R.; Cronin, Lorcan; Sparks, Albert K.

doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0322

Cited by 29 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Deficits in nutritional knowledge by professional staff and players [103] represent a barrier to change. Nutrition information is often obtained by athletes from diverse sources including coaches, teammates, athletic trainers, fitness trainers, parents, supplement manufacturers, and the media [15]. A bias or lack of awareness can add to the myths surrounding nutrition that may ultimately adversely affect players' diets [26].…”

Section: Barriers For Optimal Nutrition In Soccermentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition in Soccer: A Brief Review of the Issues and Solutions

Bonnici

Greig

Akubat

et al. 2019

J. of SCI. IN SPORT AND EXERCISE

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This review examines the issues surrounding soccer nutrition, including the nature of the game, training, and how nutrition can play a significant role in improving player performance and recovery. In soccer match-play, a total distance covered of up to 13 km is characterised by an acyclical and intermittent activity profile. The aerobic system is highly taxed, with average heart rates of ~ 85% of maximal values, and the finite muscle glycogen stores represent a key aspect of the interface between training, performance and nutritional support. Diets with high CHO content can optimise muscle glycogen, reduce net glycogen depletion, delay the onset of fatigue, and improve soccer performance. It is more common, however, for players to consume an excessive amount of protein in their daily diet perpetuating the popular belief that additional protein increases strength and enhances performance. More comprehensive recommendations suggest that soccer players should consume a high CHO diet from nutrient-rich complex CHO food sources that ranges from a minimum of 7 to 10 g/kg BM and up to 12 g/kg BM on match or heavy training days. Unfortunately, players often have a low energy intake, which can lead to negative energy balance, especially at times of schedule congestion. In many cases, soccer players often consume diets that are not very different from those of the general public. Therefore, despite a clear understanding of the physiological demands of soccer, and the association between nutritional preparation and performance, the dietary habits of soccer players are often characterised by a lack of education and misinformed sporting traditions. This review discusses the potential barriers and various nutritional phases that need to be considered for training, pre, on the day of, and post-match to enable players and coaches to be more aware of the need to achieve more optimal macronutrient nutrition.

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Section: Barriers For Optimal Nutrition In Soccermentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition in Soccer: A Brief Review of the Issues and Solutions

Bonnici

Greig

Akubat

et al. 2019

J. of SCI. IN SPORT AND EXERCISE

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“…Despite the importance of sports nutrition for ultra-marathon training and racing, athletes and coaches face a number of obstacles in satisfying the nutritional demands, including: poor appreciation of the physiological demands of ultra-marathon; poor education (of coach/athlete/support staff) with respect to the nutritional demands of the sport; a high prevalence of athlete gastrointestinal (GI) distress; inconsistent food/fluid timing and rationing at checkpoints; the need to minimize pack-weight in self-sufficient races; placebo effects and confirmation bias from prior race experiences; the changes in food/fluid palatability associated with prolonged endurance exercise; sleep deprivation and extremes of temperature/altitude which are known to influence appetite [18–20]. Importantly, although ultra-endurance athletes have a reasonable knowledge of nutrition, they tend to favour the insights of other athletes over qualified nutrition experts [21]. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to provide an accessible, evidence-based Position Stand on the nutritional considerations of ultra-marathon training and racing to inform best-practice of athletes, coaches, medics, support staff, and race organizers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing

Tiller

Roberts

Beasley

et al. 2019

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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106

137

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Background In this Position Statement, the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) provides an objective and critical review of the literature pertinent to nutritional considerations for training and racing in single-stage ultra-marathon. Recommendations for Training. i) Ultra-marathon runners should aim to meet the caloric demands of training by following an individualized and periodized strategy, comprising a varied, food-first approach; ii) Athletes should plan and implement their nutrition strategy with sufficient time to permit adaptations that enhance fat oxidative capacity; iii) The evidence overwhelmingly supports the inclusion of a moderate-to-high carbohydrate diet (i.e., ~ 60% of energy intake, 5–8 g·kg− 1·d− 1) to mitigate the negative effects of chronic, training-induced glycogen depletion; iv) Limiting carbohydrate intake before selected low-intensity sessions, and/or moderating daily carbohydrate intake, may enhance mitochondrial function and fat oxidative capacity. Nevertheless, this approach may compromise performance during high-intensity efforts; v) Protein intakes of ~ 1.6 g·kg− 1·d− 1 are necessary to maintain lean mass and support recovery from training, but amounts up to 2.5 g.kg− 1·d− 1 may be warranted during demanding training when calorie requirements are greater; Recommendations for Racing. vi) To attenuate caloric deficits, runners should aim to consume 150–400 Kcal·h− 1 (carbohydrate, 30–50 g·h− 1; protein, 5–10 g·h− 1) from a variety of calorie-dense foods. Consideration must be given to food palatability, individual tolerance, and the increased preference for savory foods in longer races; vii) Fluid volumes of 450–750 mL·h− 1 (~ 150–250 mL every 20 min) are recommended during racing. To minimize the likelihood of hyponatraemia, electrolytes (mainly sodium) may be needed in concentrations greater than that provided by most commercial products (i.e., > 575 mg·L− 1 sodium). Fluid and electrolyte requirements will be elevated when running in hot and/or humid conditions; viii) Evidence supports progressive gut-training and/or low-FODMAP diets (fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide and polyol) to alleviate symptoms of gastrointestinal distress during racing; ix) The evidence in support of ketogenic diets and/or ketone esters to improve ultra-marathon performance is lacking, with further research warranted; x) Evidence supports the strategic use of caffeine to sustain performance in the latter stages of racing, particularly when sleep deprivation may compromise athlete safety.

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“…The latest systematic review [ 4 ] showed that most questionnaires on nutrition knowledge for athletes and coaches tested outdated recommendations, missed comprehensiveness, failed to cultural suitability and needed an adequate validation. Several recent works improved the quality of methodologies, although they were restricted to specific sports and had a very limited sample size [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Furthermore, most of these studies superficially rely on the subjectivity of experts’ panels to assess the validity of the content [ 10 , 14 ], and do not cover multilingual scenarios.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Validation of a Short Sport Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire for Athletes

Vázquez-Espino

Fernández-Tena²,

Lizarraga-Dallo

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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Weak evidence exists on the relationship between nutritional knowledge and diet quality. Many researchers claim that this could be in part because of inadequate validation of the questionnaires used. The aim of this study was to develop a compact reliable questionnaire on nutrition knowledge for young and adult athletes (NUKYA). Researchers and the sport clubs medical staff developed the questionnaire by taking into consideration the latest athlete dietary guidelines. The questionnaire content was validated by a panel of 12 nutrition experts, and finally tested by 445 participants including athletes (n = 264), nutrition students (n = 49) and non-athletes with no formal nutrition knowledge (n = 132). After consulting the experts, 59 of the 64 initial items remained in the questionnaire. To collect the evaluation of experts, we used the content validity index, obtaining high indices for relevance and ambiguity (0.99) as well as for clarity and simplicity (0.98). The final questionnaire included 24 questions with 59 items. We ensured construct validity and reliability through psychometric validation based on the Classical Test Theory and the Item–Response Theory (Rasch model). We found significant statistical differences comparing the groups of nutrition knowledgeable participants with the rest of the groups (ANOVA p < 0.001). We verified the questionnaire for test–retest reliability (R = 0.895, p < 0.001) and internal consistency (Cronbach’s α=0.849). We successfully fit the questionnaire data to a rating scale model (global separation reliability of 0.861) and examined discrimination and difficulty indices for items. Finally, we validated the NUKYA questionnaire as an effective tool to appraise nutrition knowledge in athletes. This questionnaire can be used for guiding in educational interventions, studying the influence of nutrition knowledge on nutrient intake and assessing/monitoring sport nutritional knowledge in large groups.

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Development and Implementation of a Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire for Ultraendurance Athletes

Cited by 29 publications

References 31 publications

Nutrition in Soccer: A Brief Review of the Issues and Solutions

Nutrition in Soccer: A Brief Review of the Issues and Solutions

International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing

Development and Validation of a Short Sport Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire for Athletes

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