Development and Initial Validation of the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale

Chandu, Viswa Chaitanya; Pachava, Srinivas; Vadapalli, Viswanath; Marella, Yamuna

doi:10.4103/ijph.ijph_492_20

Cited by 59 publications

(61 citation statements)

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“…While medical evaluation refers to disease diagnosis indicated by a set of signals, symptoms, and laboratory results, self-rated health is subjective, combining physical, emotional, and well-being components 22,23 . Our findings reinforce the influence of emotional conditions on health state evaluation 24,25 . Psychological issues such as depression and anxiety as well as worsening of sleep problems, reported by a large proportion of participants, were central for understanding the perception of health worsening.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Factors affecting Brazilians’ self-rated health during the COVID-19 pandemic

et al. 2021

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This is a cross-sectional study investigating the factors affecting brazilians’ self-rated health during the COVID-19 pandemic, based on data from the web-based behavior survey. Carried out from April 24 to May 24, 2020, the survey recruited participants by a chain sampling procedure. Its outcome was the worsening of self-rated health during the pandemic. Statistical analysis was based on a hierarchical model of determination. Logistic regression models were used to test the associations between sociodemographic characteristics, pre-existing health conditions, lifestyle indicators and intensity of social restraint measures, and biological and psychological issues during the pandemic. From the total sample of 45,161 participants, 29.4% reported worsening of health state during this period. After adjusting for hierarchical distal factors, the health problems mostly associated with worsening health state were: bad self-rated health (adjusted OR = 4.35, p < 0.001), health care seeking for mental health problem (adjusted OR = 3.95, p < 0.001), and for COVID-19 (adjusted OR = 3.60, p < 0.001). People who experienced sleep problems, worsening of back pain, depression and at least one flu symptom during the pandemic were twice as likely to report worsening of health status. Sedentary and eating behaviors and adherence to social distancing measures showed significant correlation with the outcome. There exists a relation between social, biological, and psychological factors, mediated by lifestyles and variables pertaining to confinement. Altogether, these factors have negatively affected self-rated health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Factors affecting Brazilians’ self-rated health during the COVID-19 pandemic

et al. 2021

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“…33 The 7-item COVID-19 Anxiety Scale was observed to be the only COVID-19 psychometric tool validated in the Indian context. 31 While the adaption of validated measures developed in other countries is possible with a simple translation of the instruments to regional language, it is advisable to verify if the items in these tools meet the intended needs of Indian population, owing to the possible difference in psychological aspects between the populations. 63 Even within the country, rural and urban people can psychologically be different with regard to their COVID-19-related mental health problems; therefore, scale validatory samples must include participants from diverse geographical regions so that differences in item responses across different geographic categories may be determined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring the Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health: A Scoping Review of the Existing Scales

Chandu

Marella

Panga

et al. 2020

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine

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Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, associated with the economic consequences of non-pharmaceutical interventions such as lockdown, has led to mental health consequences among people worldwide. Protecting the mental well-being of populations is an imperative component of fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. This scoping review attempts to present an overview of the existing tools to measure COVID-19-related mental health problems. Methods: Literature search was conducted in the PubMed electronic database using developed key search terms. Reference lists of the identified eligible articles were reviewed to locate relevant articles missed from the electronic database search. Fifteen scales measuring COVID-19-associated mental health problems, validated among diverse populations across the world, were included in this review. Results: The majority of these scales were validated among middle-aged adults in Turkey. Only a few validated scales encompass the negative socioeconomic consequences of COVID-19. None of the available scales focused on the aspects of suicidal ideation or behavioral responses/coping strategies, neither were they inclusive of participants from diverse age, geographic, and COVID-19 exposure groups. Conclusion: This scoping review highlights the need for future research to develop and validate comprehensive psychometric tools to assess COVID-19-associated mental health problems. Also, in view of the vulnerable nature of healthcare professionals for developing mental health concerns in the course of providing services for COVID-19-affected individuals, future psychometric research needs to concentrate on the development of measures specific for these professionals.

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“…During the COVID-19 pandemic, rating scales are developed specifically to evaluate anxiety resulting from COVID-19. The Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) is a brief mental health screener, consisting of five items (Chandu et al 2020;Lee 2020;. Elevated CAS scores are associated with COVID-19 diagnosis, impairment, alcohol and drug use, negative religious coping, extreme hopelessness, and suicidal ideation.…”

Section: Screening For and Diagnosis Of Anxietymentioning

confidence: 99%

Presentation and management of anxiety in individuals with acute symptomatic or asymptomatic COVID-19 infection, and in the post-COVID-19 recovery phase

Uzunova

Pallanti

Hollander

2021

International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice

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COVID-19 is associated with neuropsychiatric complications, the most frequent one being anxiety. Multiple biological and psychosocial factors contribute to anxiety in COVID-19. Among the biological factors, stress, genetics, gender, immune system, resilience, anosmia, hypogeusia, and central nervous system infection with SARS-CoV-2 are key. Anxiety is a complication of COVID-19 that may exacerbate the infection course, and the infection may exacerbate anxiety. We present the mechanisms of anxiety in symptomatic or asymptomatic COVID-19. We discuss the presentation of anxiety in patients without or with prior psychiatric illness, and with co-morbidities. Timely diagnosis and management of anxiety in COVID-19 patients is important. Given the frequent complication of COVID-19 with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Intensive Care Unit stay, anxiety may be a long-term complication. We review the diagnostic tools for anxiety in COVID-19, and summarise pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments. We provide recommendations for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and follow up of anxiety in COVID-19. KEY POINTS Patients with COVID-19 (symptomatic or asymptomatic) exhibit a high frequency of neuropsychiatric complications with highest percentage attributed to anxiety. Multiple biological and psychosocial risk factors for anxiety exist in COVID-19-ill individuals. Biological risk factors include stress, resilience, genetics, gender, age, immune system, direct infection of the central nervous system (CNS) with SARS-CoV-2, comorbid psychiatric and general medical illnesses, ARDS and ICU stay. Anosmia and hypogeusia are COVID-19-specific anxiety risk factors. Knowledge of the anxiety risk factors is essential to focus on timely interventions, because anxiety may be a complication of and exacerbate the COVID-19 course. An inverse correlation exists between resilience and anxiety because of COVID-19, and therefore efforts should be made to increase resilience in COVID-19 patients. In COVID-19, important anxiety mechanism is neuroinflammation resulting from activation of the immune system and an ensuing cytokine storm. The general approach to management of anxiety in COVID-19 should be compassionate, similar to that during trauma or disaster, with efforts focussed on instilling a sense of hope and resilience. In selecting pharmacological treatment of anxiety, the stress response and immune system effects should be key. Medications with cardio-respiratory adverse effects should be avoided in patients with respiratory problems. Anxiety is a disorder that will require for long-term follow up at least one month after COVID-19.

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Development and Initial Validation of the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale

Cited by 59 publications

References 0 publications

Factors affecting Brazilians’ self-rated health during the COVID-19 pandemic

Factors affecting Brazilians’ self-rated health during the COVID-19 pandemic

Measuring the Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health: A Scoping Review of the Existing Scales

Presentation and management of anxiety in individuals with acute symptomatic or asymptomatic COVID-19 infection, and in the post-COVID-19 recovery phase

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