Development and preliminary validation of a pain scale for ophthalmic pain in horses: The Equine Ophthalmic Pain Scale (EOPS)

Ortolani, Flaminia; Scilimati, Nicola; Gialletti, R.; Menchetti, Laura; Nannarone, Sara

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105774

Cited by 10 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Differently from the above mentioned physical items, vital parameters (heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature) are objective means of assessment. Similarly to what has been done in other pain scales in adult horses [ 9 , 12 , 13 , 19 , 28 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ], their relationship with the subjective visual evaluation was tested. In the present study, albeit vital items resulted significantly correlated with pain (i.e., Total score), the correlation with ‘rectal temperature’ and ‘respiratory rate’ was low.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, composite pain scales and facial expression-based pain scales seem to be the most promising tools for pain assessment in horses [ 8 ]. In the last 20 years, different pain scales have been described to identify and assess pain in adult horses related to various conditions, such as orthopedic pain [ 9 , 10 ], colic syndrome [ 11 ], post-operative period after arthroscopy [ 12 ], exploratory celiotomy [ 13 ], castration [ 14 ], and also laminitis [ 15 ], head-related pain [ 16 , 17 ], chronic pain [ 18 ] and ocular pain [ 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a Composite Pain Scale in Foals: A Pilot Study

Lanci

Benedetti

Freccero

et al. 2022

Animals

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Prompt pain management is crucial in horses; however, tools to assess pain are limited. This study aimed to develop and pilot a composite scale for pain estimation in foals. The “Foal Composite Pain Scale” (FCPS) was developed based on literature and authors’ expertise. The FCPS consisted of 11 facial expressions, 4 behavioural items, and 5 physical items. Thirty-five pain-free foals (Control Group) and 15 foals experiencing pain (Pain Group) were used. Foals were video-recorded at different time points: the Control Group only at inclusion (C), while the Pain Group at inclusion (T1), after an analgesic treatment (T2), and at recovery (T3). Physical items were also recorded at the same time points. Videos were scored twice by five trained observers, blinded to group and time points, to calculate inter- and intra-observer reliability of each scale item. Fleiss’ kappa values ranged from moderate to almost perfect for the majority of the items, while the intraclass correlation coefficient was excellent (ICC = 0.923). The consistency of FCPS was also excellent (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.842). A cut-off ≥ 7 indicated the presence of pain. The Pain Group scores were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the Control Group and decreased over time (T1, T2 > T3; p = 0.001). Overall, FCPS seems clinically applicable to quantify pain and improve the judgment of the quality of life in foals, but it needs modifications based on these preliminary findings. Consequently, further studies on a larger sample size are needed to test the feasibility and validity of the refined FCPS.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Composite Pain Scale in Foals: A Pilot Study

Lanci

Benedetti

Freccero

et al. 2022

Animals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Then, several statistical methods were used to test different aspects of the validation process, including both reliability and validity. The intraobserver reliability indicates the agreement between multiple people independently rating the same individual 43 , and it was evaluated by the two-way mixed model ICC applied to single measurements 14 – 16 . ICC values were interpreted as poor (ICC < 0.40), fair (0.40 ≤ ICC < 0.60), good (0.60 ≤ ICC < 0.75), and excellent (ICC ≥ 0.75) 16 , 44 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, the ABMs included in the welfare principle of Appropriate behavior should be feasible, reliable, and validated. Thus, the collection method should not be expensive in terms of human, economic, and time resources 12 , and ABMs should be validated through rigorous statistical approaches 12 , 14 – 16 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of a behavior observation form for geese reared in agroforestry systems

Mancinelli

Mattioli

Menchetti

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Agroforestry systems, which are based on the integration of trees and animals, represent a useful practice for implementing the “One Welfare” concept. Geese could adapt well to these systems due to their kinetic and grazing abilities. However, the lack of specific ethograms and animal-based measures have not yet allowed a deep assessment of their welfare and behavior. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a protocol to evaluate the behavior of geese reared in two agroforestry systems (i.e., apple orchard and vineyard). Thus, a behavior observation form (BOF) including a specific ethogram was proposed, and its interobserver reliability, content, criterion and construct validity were determined. Moreover, the influence of the time of day and type of agroforestry system on geese's behavior was also investigated. Agreement and principal component analyses, as well as the comparison between data collected through direct observation by the BOF and indirect observation by a computerized system, supported the reliability and validity of the proposed protocol. While the BOF also highlighted differences in the behavior expressed by the geese according to the time of day and the environmental context, both the vineyard and apple orchard systems seem to meet their biological and behavioral needs.

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“…This study by Flaminia Ortolani and co‐workers in Italy describes the development and preliminary validation of a composite pain scale, the Equine Ophthalmic Pain Scale (EOPS), to assess ocular pain in horses .…”

Section: Equine Ophthalmic Pain Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers

Wright¹

2022

Equine Veterinary Education

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Development and preliminary validation of a pain scale for ophthalmic pain in horses: The Equine Ophthalmic Pain Scale (EOPS)

Cited by 10 publications

References 37 publications

Development of a Composite Pain Scale in Foals: A Pilot Study

Development of a Composite Pain Scale in Foals: A Pilot Study

Validation of a behavior observation form for geese reared in agroforestry systems

Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers

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