“…Procedures to identify items that may serve as effective reinforcers involve multiple steps, often starting with nominations from the people themselves or, when individuals may not be reliable self-informants, perhaps because of limited abilities, from parents, teachers, or other caregivers. With several instruments, surveys, and checklists developed for this purpose (e.g., Fisher, Piazza, Bowman, & Amari, 1996;Sarafino & Graham, 2006), the process could end here, but teachers, caregivers, and students (with or without disabilities) are not always accurate in suggesting which stimuli will function effectively as reinforcers (Cote, Thompson, Hanley, & McKerchar, 2007;Green et al, 1988;Northup, 2000). Thus, the next step is often to assess preferences among items systematically with a stimulus preference assessment.…”