BackgroundGPs in England are required to keep a register of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines recommend regular follow-up, but patients are perceived to be low risk and not requiring active management.
AimTo assess treatment needs of CKD stage 3 patients in primary care, as well as their awareness of CKD.
Design and settingA cross-sectional analysis from a longitudinal prospective study in 32 general practices.
MethodA total of 1741 participants underwent clinical assessment including urine and blood tests. Participants were asked about awareness of their CKD. Results were reviewed and a letter recommending treatment in line with NICE guidelines was sent to their GP.
ResultsThe mean age of participants was 73 ± 9 years; 60% (n = 1052) were female and diabetes was present in 17%; 67% of participants required further intervention. Most required improved control of hypertension (n = 1576; 33.1% of cohort). Other recommendations included advice to investigate anaemia (n = 1142; 8.2%) or stop nephrotoxic drugs (n = 1120; 7.5%). Less than 6% of participants met NICE criteria for referral to nephrology services and 41% were unaware of their CKD diagnosis. Multivariable analysis identified subjects with formal educational qualifications, age <75 years, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 30-44 ml/min/1.73 m 2 , and significant albuminuria as more likely to be aware of their diagnosis.
ConclusionThe study data show that the majority of patients required at least one intervention to improve the management of their CKD. Most interventions could be delivered in primary care and only a minority required nephrology referral. Many patients were unaware of their CKD diagnosis, and efforts should be made to improve this to facilitate involvement in their care.
Keywordsawareness; kidney disease, chronic; primary care; treatment.e227 British Journal of General Practice, April 2012 who had previously had a solid organ transplant or were terminally ill (expected survival <1 year) were excluded.
Data collectionThe first study visits were conducted from August 2008 to March 2010. Participants were sent a medical questionnaire and urine specimen bottles and were asked not to eat cooked meat for at least 12 hours prior to the assessment.
5Anthropomorphic and blood pressure measurements were taken. Blood and urine specimens were submitted for analysis. Diabetes was defined in line with World Health Organization (WHO) criteria.10 A previous cardiovascular event (CVE) was defined as subject-reported myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischaemic attack, revascularisation, amputation due to peripheral vascular disease, or aortic aneurysm. Blood pressure was measured after a minimum of 5 minutes' rest in the sitting position, and calculated as the mean of three readings that were within 10% of each other. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or current antihypertensive medication....