Development and testing of a model for risk and protective factors for eating disorders and higher weight among emerging adults: A study protocol

Abstract

Research has demonstrated that eating disorders and higher weight have lifetime cooccurrence suggesting that they may be best considered within a common etiological model. Although we know that body dissatisfaction is likely to be a risk factor for both disorders, other proposed risk and protective factors for each condition have not been adequately explored. The current paper tests a conceptual model that is based on a review of the existing literature from both areas of scholarship. It considers biological, sociocultural, psychological, and behavioral factors that may contribute to both outcomes. The model will be tested in a longitudinal design with an initial sample of 600 emerging adults (aged 18-30) per country in nine different countries (total sample = 5400 participants). Questionnaires will be completed online on two occasions, 12 months apart. The first full phase of the study commenced in July 2018 at the same time as Body Image was approached to publish this protocol paper (the final revised paper was submitted in September 2019), and data collection will be finalized in December 2019. Multi-group path analysis will identify the biopsychosocial predictorsboth cross-sectionally and longitudinallyof both ED and higher weight, and how these vary across countries and gender.

Body Dissatisfaction, Restrictive, and Bulimic Behaviours among Young Women: A Polish–Japanese Comparison

“…These data are consistent with the results of other studies conducted on various populations and nationalities, which indicate the increasing epidemiology of eating disorders around the world [1,19]. The results also confirm the significant role of socio-cultural predictors in the development of body dissatisfaction, which is one of the risk factors of eating disorders [2,39,70,78,85,86]. The results show that the significant predictors of variables such as Body Dissatisfaction and bulimic tendencies (Bulimia) for Japanese women were Emotional Dysregulation and Interoceptive Deficits-the former describes affective difficulties involving emotional dysregulation, such as emotional instability and impulsiveness, while the latter is related to disorientation and difficulties with identification and differentiation of emotional states and bodily sensations.…”

“…Furthermore, research must test a model with many variables-biological, physical, psychological, and socio-cultural-to identify the multifaceted influence of restrictive and bulimic behaviours on eating and the body [39]. In addition to physical (e.g., BMI-Body Mass Index) and socio-cultural risk factors, the psychological factors supporting the development of unhealthy eating behaviours are also worth mentioning.…”

Sport Activity as Risk or Protective Factor in Feeding and Eating Disorder

“…In fact, in this study athletes seem to experience fewer states of tension and anxiety than the sedentary population, considered to be protective since symptomatic mood states (i.e., overestimation of shape, weight, and food control) are risk factors in EDs [44]. A recent large study conducted by McCabe et al in 2019 has confirmed that depressive as well as anxiety symptoms may be included as "psychological" risk factors in a conceptual framework of risk for eating disorders [45]. Moreover, several studies have suggested that mood depression disorder (MDD) is commonly diagnosed as comorbidity with EDs [46][47][48].…”

Uso de smartphones en la infancia y seguimiento del Código PAOS por parte de anunciantes de alimentación.

“…La capacidad de influencia que tienen los medios de comunicación, en general, puede advertirse ya desde los estudios realizados a nivel mundial por autores como los de McCabe y Ricciardelli (2005), o los de de Skemp-Arlt et al (2006), donde se muestra que la mitad de los niños de entre 5 y 12 años se sienten insatisfechos con su aspecto físico. Y es que, tal y como afirman McCabe et al (2019), Mancilla et al (2012), Skemp-Arlt et al (2006), McCabe & Ricciardelli (2005), Phares et al (2004), Davison et al (2003), Hendy et al (2001) o Abramovitz & Birch (2000), alrededor de un 40-50% de los niños entre 6-12 años se sienten insatisfechos con su aspecto físico. De hecho, las evidencias científicas (De Jans et al, 2019) constatan que esta insatisfacción afecta a ambos géneros, pero el tipo de distorsión difiere en función del género.…”

“…Enfermedades relacionadas con los hábitos alimentarios, tales como la obesidad, la anorexia o la bulimia, vienen aumentando en sociedades desarrolladas o en vías de desarrollo (Haas et al, 2010). El Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo del Gobierno de España alertaba, en 2018, de las cifras que alcanzaba la obesidad (15%) y las EDDs 2 (12%): el grupo de edad de mayor incidencia es el de los menores de entre 6 y 12 años (McCabe et al, 2019). Esta cuestión atañe a los media (Levine & Murnen, 2009;Lara & Lara, 2018), que se configuran como educomunicadores, debido a la influencia que suponen en los niños al emitir ciertos valores, susceptibles de ser asumidos por estos (Carrillo et al, 2011).…”