Development and Testing of an Electro-Mechanical Relay to Detect Fallen Distribution Conductors

Fault Locating, Prediction and Protection (FLPPS)

“…The relay uses the ratio of neutral to positive-sequence current as a fault indicator based on the concept that the amount of load imbalance is invariant over a small time interval. The relay was implemented with an operating coil driven by the zero-sequence current and a restraining coil driven by the positive-sequence current [90]. The ratio ground relay was tested with favorable results using simulated fault currents from an analog feeder model and actual feeder currents during a staged fault test at PP&L [91].…”

High Impedance Fault Detection of Distribution Network by Phasor Measurement Units

“…In the time domain, a ratio ground relay, a proportional relay algorithm [6,7] and a smart relay based on timedomain feature extraction [8] have been proposed.…”

“…In the frequency domain, using Fourier transforms, several articles have been published based on harmonic components [3][4][5][6][7][8][9], inter harmonic component [10] and high-frequency spectral [11].…”

Identification of Ferroresonance based on wavelet transform and artificial neural network

“…The wavelet transform (WT) has been used to detect and locate various types of power quality disturbances, decomposing a disturbance into its wavelet coefficients using a Multi-Resolution Analysis (MRA) technique. Santoso et al set up an investigation line on this area with the work presented in Reference [8], and then the authors in Reference [9] make the proposal that, based on uniqueness of squared WT coefficients at each scale of the power quality disturbance, a classification tool such as neural network may be employed for the classification of disturbances [10,11].…”