Development and Utilization of Artificial Reefs in Korea

Ock, Lee Moon; Geon, Oh Tae; Ho, Baek Sang; Kyu, Kim Jong

doi:10.1201/9780429328039-5

Cited by 1 publication

(2 citation statements)

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“…To date, only afforestation projects, which deployed artificial structures for macroalgae to colonise (Lee et al ., 2020), have been conducted at the hundred to thousand hectare scale. However, they do not qualify as ‘true’ restoration, as they create additional habitat rather than restorinng previously lost habitat (Eger et al ., 2022).…”

Section: Macroalgal Forests and Climate Change Mitigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Afforestation projects rely heavily on cement manufacturing, an activity that generates substantial CO 2 emissions (Ali, Saidur & Hossain, 2011). Manufacturing the cement necessary to afforest a hectare of macroalgal habitat generates ~4–5.7 tons of CO 2 : an average of 2.5 cement blocks are deployed per hectare (Eger et al ., 2020), with each block containing 2.5 tons of cement (a conservative estimate; Lee et al ., 2020) and each ton of cement manufactured emitting 0.65–0.92 tons of CO 2 (Ali et al ., 2011). Assuming that afforested habitats could fix a maximum of 7.97–11.01 tons of CO 2 ha −1 year −1 (Sondak & Chung, 2015), and that 8% of that carbon reaches long‐term sinks (Queirós et al ., 2019), the potential sequestration value of 1 ha of afforested habitat would equate to 0.6–0.9 tons of CO 2 year −1 .…”

Section: Macroalgal Forests and Climate Change Mitigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation using macroalgae: a state of knowledge review

et al. 2023

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The conservation, restoration, and improved management of terrestrial forests significantly contributes to mitigate climate change and its impacts, as well as providing numerous co‐benefits. The pressing need to reduce emissions and increase carbon removal from the atmosphere is now also leading to the development of natural climate solutions in the ocean. Interest in the carbon sequestration potential of underwater macroalgal forests is growing rapidly among policy, conservation, and corporate sectors. Yet, our understanding of whether carbon sequestration from macroalgal forests can lead to tangible climate change mitigation remains severely limited, hampering their inclusion in international policy or carbon finance frameworks. Here, we examine the results of over 180 publications to synthesise evidence regarding macroalgal forest carbon sequestration potential. We show that research efforts on macroalgae carbon sequestration are heavily skewed towards particulate organic carbon (POC) pathways (77% of data publications), and that carbon fixation is the most studied flux (55%). Fluxes leading directly to carbon sequestration (e.g. carbon export or burial in marine sediments) remain poorly resolved, likely hindering regional or country‐level assessments of carbon sequestration potential, which are only available from 17 of the 150 countries where macroalgal forests occur. To solve this issue, we present a framework to categorize coastlines according to their carbon sequestration potential. Finally, we review the multiple avenues through which this sequestration can translate into climate change mitigation capacity, which largely depends on whether management interventions can increase carbon removal above a natural baseline or avoid further carbon emissions. We find that conservation, restoration and afforestation interventions on macroalgal forests can potentially lead to carbon removal in the order of 10's of Tg C globally. Although this is lower than current estimates of natural sequestration value of all macroalgal habitats (61–268 Tg C year−1), it suggests that macroalgal forests could add to the total mitigation potential of coastal blue carbon ecosystems, and offer valuable mitigation opportunities in polar and temperate areas where blue carbon mitigation is currently low. Operationalizing that potential will necessitate the development of models that reliably estimate the proportion of production sequestered, improvements in macroalgae carbon fingerprinting techniques, and a rethinking of carbon accounting methodologies. The ocean provides major opportunities to mitigate and adapt to climate change, and the largest coastal vegetated habitat on Earth should not be ignored simply because it does not fit into existing frameworks.

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Section: Macroalgal Forests and Climate Change Mitigationmentioning

confidence: 99%