“…One reason for this poor association might be because existing instruments of health literacy are too general to capture wide ranges of abilities specific to medication use [ 20 ]. Although some health literacy instruments (e.g., either general health literacy [ 12 ], disease-specific [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ], or having certain related domains [ 36 , 37 , 38 ]) are available, none of these instruments/measures or domains are specifically designed to assess the levels of medication-related health literacy. A few instruments have been developed to assess levels of medication-related health literacy, including the 14-item Medication Literacy Assessment (MedLitRxSE) [ 39 ], 20-item Numeracy Understanding in Medicine Instrument (NUMi) [ 40 ], 21-item Montana State University Complementary and Alternative Medicine (MSU CAM) Health Literacy [ 41 ], and 6-item Medication Health Literacy Measure (MHLM) [ 42 ]; the application of these instruments is restricted due to their limited domains covered.…”