Development and validation of a <i>Daphnia magna</i> four-day survival and growth test method

Lazorchak, James M.; Smith, Mark E.; Haring, Herman J.

doi:10.1897/08-296.1

Cited by 20 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…The 4-day D. magna studies, initiated with \24-h old organisms, were performed following methods employed in the 21-day chronic study previously conducted (Naddy et al 2007a) and as modified from Lazorchak et al (2009). Two static-renewal (daily) studies were performed with two different food types to determine how they affected silver toxicity.…”

Section: Test Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the chronic studies, the C. dubia was less sensitive than D. magna (Naddy et al 2007a). Given this change in sensitivity between no food and food exposures, we compared the relative mitigating ability of the different food types using a single test method: the 4-day D. magna short-term chronic study developed by Lazorchak et al (2009). Using this method, we observed that, indeed, the C. dubia food had a higher degree of mitigating ability for Ag compared to the D. magna food (Fig.…”

Section: Invertebrate Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of food on the acute toxicity of silver nitrate to four freshwater test species and acute-to-chronic ratios

Naddy¹,

McNerney²,

Gorsuch³

et al. 2011

Ecotoxicology

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Acute silver toxicity studies were conducted with and without food for four common freshwater test species: Daphnia magna, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow-FHM), and Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout-RBT) in order to generate acute-to-chronic ratios (ACR). The studies were conducted similarly (i.e., static-renewal or flow-through) to chronic/early-life stage studies that were previously performed in this laboratory. The acute toxicity (EC/LC50 values) of silver without food ranged from 0.57 μg dissolved Ag/l for C.dubia to 9.15 μg dissolved Ag/l for RBT. The presence of food resulted in an increase in EC/LC50 values from 1.25× for RBT to 22.4× for C. dubia. Invertebrate food type was also shown to effect acute silver toxicity. Food did not affect EC/LC50s or ACRs as greatly in fish studies as in invertebrate studies. ACRs for both invertebrate species were <1.0 when using acute studies without food but were 1.22 and 1.33 when using acute studies with food. ACRs for FHMs ranged from 4.06 to 7.19, while RBT ACRs ranged from 28.6 to 35.8 depending on whether food was present in acute studies. The data generated from this research program should be useful in re-determining a final ACR for silver in freshwater as well as in risk assessments.

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Section: Test Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Invertebrate Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of food on the acute toxicity of silver nitrate to four freshwater test species and acute-to-chronic ratios

Naddy¹,

McNerney²,

Gorsuch³

et al. 2011

Ecotoxicology

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“…The bioassay was conducted according to the OECD guideline 202 [14]; however, the study duration was set to 72 h, because extensions in time are proposed for general chemical testing with D. magna [19]. Control mortalities remained at 0%.…”

Section: Acute Toxicity Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles detoxify pirimicarb under UV irradiation at ambient intensities

Seitz¹,

Bundschuh²,

Dabrunz³

et al. 2011

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

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Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO₂) form reactive oxygen species (ROS) under irradiation by ultraviolet light (UV). This known photocatalytic activity may finally affect the presence and toxicity of organic environmental chemicals, which have not yet been studied at ambient UV intensity. The authors used a three-factorial design to evaluate the interaction of the carbamate insecticide pirimicarb (initial nominal concentration, 20 µg/L), ambient UV irradiation (40 W/m² for 15 min), and nTiO₂(~100 nm; 2.0 mg/L). Pirimicarb, pirimicarb × UV, and pirimicarb × nTiO₂ treatments revealed a median immobilization of Daphnia magna after 72 h ranging between 70 and 80%. This effect seemed to be caused by the initial nominal pirimicarb concentration. However, UV irradiation before an exposure of daphnids in the presence of 2.0 mg nTiO₂/L reduced pirimicarb concentrations to values below the limit of quantification, likely because of the formation of ROS. This reduction was associated with an almost complete removal of toxicity for D. magna. Furthermore, during a second experiment, 0.2 mg nTiO₂/L in combination with 15 min UV irradiation reduced pirimicarb concentrations by approximately 30%. These results indicate a detoxification and therefore remediation potential of the combined application of nTiO₂ and UV irradiation at ambient levels. This potential has not been documented to date in surface waters, where nTiO₂ concentrations in the low to medium µg/L range may occur.

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“…In contrast to most previous acute toxicity tests using nTiO 2 and D. magna , a 96-h exposure was used instead of the standard 48-h test duration, which hardly ever showed effects on D. magna [6]. Such a 96-h toxicity test setup with D. magna using mortality and growth as endpoints has previously been suggested for general chemical testing [18]. Moreover, a recent study showed an increased toxicity of nTiO 2 following an exposure of 72 h [9], illustrating the potential of a prolonged acute test duration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Surface Coating and Molting Inhibition as Mechanisms of TiO2 Nanoparticle Toxicity in Daphnia magna

et al. 2011

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The production and use of nanoparticles (NP) has steadily increased within the last decade; however, knowledge about risks of NP to human health and ecosystems is still scarce. Common knowledge concerning NP effects on freshwater organisms is largely limited to standard short-term (≤48 h) toxicity tests, which lack both NP fate characterization and an understanding of the mechanisms underlying toxicity. Employing slightly longer exposure times (72 to 96 h), we found that suspensions of nanosized (∼100 nm initial mean diameter) titanium dioxide (nTiO2) led to toxicity in Daphnia magna at nominal concentrations of 3.8 (72-h EC50) and 0.73 mg/L (96-h EC50). However, nTiO2 disappeared quickly from the ISO-medium water phase, resulting in toxicity levels as low as 0.24 mg/L (96-h EC50) based on measured concentrations. Moreover, we showed that nTiO2 (∼100 nm) is significantly more toxic than non-nanosized TiO2 (∼200 nm) prepared from the same stock suspension. Most importantly, we hypothesized a mechanistic chain of events for nTiO2 toxicity in D. magna that involves the coating of the organism surface with nTiO2 combined with a molting disruption. Neonate D. magna (≤6 h) exposed to 2 mg/L nTiO2 exhibited a “biological surface coating” that disappeared within 36 h, during which the first molting was successfully managed by 100% of the exposed organisms. Continued exposure up to 96 h led to a renewed formation of the surface coating and significantly reduced the molting rate to 10%, resulting in 90% mortality. Because coating of aquatic organisms by manmade NP might be ubiquitous in nature, this form of physical NP toxicity might result in widespread negative impacts on environmental health.

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Development and validation of a Daphnia magna four-day survival and growth test method

Cited by 20 publications

References 22 publications

The effect of food on the acute toxicity of silver nitrate to four freshwater test species and acute-to-chronic ratios

The effect of food on the acute toxicity of silver nitrate to four freshwater test species and acute-to-chronic ratios

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles detoxify pirimicarb under UV irradiation at ambient intensities

Biological Surface Coating and Molting Inhibition as Mechanisms of TiO2 Nanoparticle Toxicity in Daphnia magna

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