Development and validation of an ex vivo electron paramagnetic resonance fingernail biodosimetric method

Abstract

There is an imperative need to develop methods that can rapidly and accurately determine individual exposure to radiation for screening (triage) populations and guiding medical treatment in an emergency response to a large-scale radiological/nuclear event. To this end, a number of methods that rely on dose-dependent chemical and/or physical alterations in biomaterials or biological responses are in various stages of development. One such method, ex vivo electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) nail dosimetry using human nail clippings, is a physical biodosimetry technique that takes advantage of a stable radiation-induced signal (RIS) in the keratin matrix of fingernails and toenails. This dosimetry method has the advantages of ubiquitous availability of the dosimetric material, easy and non-invasive sampling, and the potential for immediate and rapid dose assessment. The major challenge for ex vivo EPR nail dosimetry is the overlap of mechanically induced signals and the RIS. The difficulties of analysing the mixed EPR spectra of a clipped irradiated nail were addressed in the work described here. The following key factors lead to successful spectral analysis and dose assessment in ex vivo EPR nail dosimetry: (1) obtaining a thorough understanding of the chemical nature, the decay behaviour, and the microwave power dependence of the EPR signals, as well as the influence of variation in temperature, humidity, water content, and O 2 level; (2) control of the variability among individual samples to achieve consistent shape and kinetics of the EPR spectra; (3) use of correlations between the multiple spectral components; and (4) use of optimised modelling and fitting of the EPR spectra to improve the accuracy and precision of the dose estimates derived from the nail spectra. In the work described here, two large clipped nail datasets were used to test the procedures and the spectral fitting model of the results obtained with it. A 15-donor nail set with 90 nail samples from 15 donors was used to validate the sample handling and spectral analysis methods that have been developed but without the interference of a native background signal. Good consistency has been obtained between the actual RIS and the estimated RIS computed from spectral analysis. In addition to the success in RIS estimation, a linear dose response has also been achieved for all individuals in this study, where the radiation dose ranges from 0 to 6 Gy. A second 16-donor nail set with 96 nail samples was used to test the spectral fitting model where the background signal was included during the fitting of the clipped nail spectra data. Although the dose response for the estimated and actual RIS calculated in both donor nail sets was similar, there was an increased variability in the RIS values that was likely due to the variability in the background signal between donors. Although the current methods of sample handling and spectral analysis show good potential for estimating the RIS in the EPR spectra of nail clippings, there is a remaining degree of v...

Calculation of dose conversion factors for doses in the fingernails to organ doses at external gamma irradiation in air

“…Based on extensive research investigating the sensitivity of the physical response of nails to ionizing radiation, using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to measure dose in fingernails and toenails has been proposed as a physically-based biodosimetry method to use in initial triage. More specifically, allowing for proper collection and storage of samples, and accounting for water content, mechanical stress and signal fading, EPR-based dosimetry in nails could in the foreseeable future provide a reliable dose assessment for an individual with a detection limit of the order 1–2 Gy (Reyes et al, 2008; Wilcox et al, 2010; He et al, 2014). …”

Stability of X-band EPR signals from fingernails under vacuum storage

“…9 is that the MIS-singlet and MIS-AS also have different stabilities (which may also be related to the surface/bulk location of the radicals) depending on how they were formed. This observation leads to a suggestion that the ratio of MIS singlet and MIS-AS intensities for any specific sample may change with fading time, and that correlation of the two signals, which was observed by He et al (2014) at some specific fading time, may depend on the fading time chosen.…”

“…The only difference between the sets of reference spectra presented by He et al (2011) and those developed in the present work is for the MIS-AS (MIS-broad in He et al, 2011): our reference spectrum for MIS-AS includes also the low-field part of this signal, which is omitted by He et al (2011). It should be noted that the MIS-broad signal presented in the follow-up work by the same team (He et al, 2014) has a clearly different shape around the MIS singlet: specifically, there is no shoulder and the location of the minimum is shifted towards higher magnetic fields. The method used by He at al.…”

Dielectric-Backed Aperture Resonators for X-Bandin vivoEPR Nail Dosimetry

“…Significant effort has been devoted to develop electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) as a technique that would allow retrospective dosimetry screening (4)(5)(6) . Teeth, fingernails and toenails have been demonstrated as a viable in vitro and in vivo EPR dosimetry assays, providing a linear dose estimate based on an ionizing radiationinduced signal (RIS) (7)(8)(9) . We focus this work on fingernail and toenail assays, while the methods provided here are also feasible on tooth measurements with modification.…”

“…The technical approach of in vitro nail dosimetry methods is based on the use of X-band (9.5 GHz) or Q-band (35 GHz) EPR spectroscopy (8,10) . Here, clipped nail samples are taken on-site, stored at −20°C and shipped to a facility for EPR analysis.…”