Development and Validation of ICT Self-Efficacy Scale: Exploring the Relationship with Cyberbullying and Victimization

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the ICT Self-Efficacy Scale and the association of cyberbullying and victimization with ICT self-efficacy. Sample 1 (436 university students) was used to identify the factor structure of the Scale, and sample 2 (1115 university students) provided the data to confirm the factor structure (CFA), and to compute the internal consistency reliability, and convergent validity of the scale. Findings demonstrate that the new scale is a reliable and valid domain-specific measure to assess ICT Self-Efficacy for university students. Suggestions for further research with the scale are provided.

General and ICT Self-Efficacy in Different Participants Roles in Cyberbullying/Victimization Among Pakistani University Students

“…Regarding cyber victimization, findings are in agreement with Mishna et al (2012), who suggested that cyber victims were not aware of the skills related to online safety. Findings for the role of ICT in the involvement of cyberbullying perpetration seems to be consistent with other research which found the positive association between ICT self-efficacy and perpetration of cyberbullying (Xiao and Wong, 2013; Musharraf et al, 2018), and those who reported significant association of cyberbullying perpetration with computer skills (Walrave and Heirman, 2011), and online expertise (Livingstone et al, 2011). A possible explanation for these results may be that those who choose to cyberbully others need skills and ICT self-efficacy may failitate enacting their aggression.…”

“…The scale was developed and validated on university students and has good internal consistency with alphas ranging from 0.92 to 0.93 (Musharraf et al, 2018) and alpha 0.92 was found for the present study.…”

“…For example, Xiao and Wong (2013) found that Internet self-efficacy has a significant positive impact on the perpetration of cyberbullying. Similarly, a significant positive association between Internet self-efficacy and the perpetration of cyberbullying was detected in a study by Musharraf et al (2018). Conversely, Savage and Tokunaga (2017) found that Internet self-efficacy was not associated with cyberbullying perpetration; however, verbal aggression moderated the relationship between social skills and cyberbullying perpetration only for those who possess high Internet self-efficacy.…”

“…Following existing research (Del Rey et al, 2015), and findings of a qualitative study (Musharraf et al, 2018), the scales were developed by the first author and validated on a sample of Pakistani university students (Musharraf and Anis-ul-Haque, 2018b) Each of the cyberbullying and cyber victimization scales included 20 Likert-type items with response options ranging from (0) “Never” to (4) “More times a week.” Sample items include: “Someone posted my private pictures or videos online in a mean or hurtful way” for cyber victimization scale and “I posted someone’s private pictures or videos online in a mean or hurtful way” for cyber bullying scale.…”

Peran Dukungan Sosial Dan Strategi Coping Terhadap Self Efficacy Pada Korban Cyberbullying

“…Perkembangan ini tentu memberikan kemudahan bagi setiap remaja untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai semua hal sehingga terkadang tidak dikontrol dan melebihi batas yang seharusnya (Barus, 2019) Korban cyberbullying mendapatkan beberapa macam perilaku diantaranya; korban mendapatkan kata-kata kasar dari pelaku, diancam, menyebarkan rumor hingga merusak pertemanan, membuka akun media sosial korban secara paksa, membagikan gambar tentang korban yang bertujuan untuk mempermalukan korban, mengucilkan korban dari media sosial hingga merekam korban ketika ia dipukuli oleh orang lain dan membagikannya di internet (Lohbeck & Petermann dalam Willard, 2018). Dalam penelitian yang dilakukan oleh (Shemesh &Heiman dalam Musharraf, 2018) individu yang mengalami cyberbullying mempunyai self-efficacy yang rendah dibandingkan orang-orang yang tidak mendapatkan cyberbullying di internet.…”