“…The perception of self-efficacy, which is related to learning and performance in distance education, is generally associated with achievement, persistence and effort in educational environments (Horzum & Çakır, 2009). © 2022, Journal of Learning and Teaching in Digital Age , 7(1), 108-115 Online learning activities require a high level of digital literacy and knowledge and skills to use various digital technologies necessary for interaction and communication in online learning environments (Sun & Rogers, 2021). Learners should be able to use online technologies comprehensively to participate in online learning, including how to use the internet, sending and receiving emails, participating in online discussions, accessing course materials, and returning homework (Lee, 2015;Wang et al, 2013).…”