Development and Validation of the Grit Scale: Test of Measurement Invariance across University and High School Students

Abstract

The concept of grit has becomea widely investigated topic in mental health and education in recent years. This study aims to develop a tool for measuring grit in high school and university students and to examine the measurement invariance of the developed scale on two different groups. A total of 586 high school students (411 female, 70%; 175 male, 30%) and 639 (437 female, 63%; 202 male, 37%) university students participated in the study. Grit Scale, Short Grit Scale, and Beck Hopelessness Scale were used as data collection tools in the study. The exploratory factor analysis results indicated that 14-item Grit Scale with three sub-dimensions explained 61.88% of the variance. The dimensions in the scale were named Perseverance, Commitment to Goals, and Consistency of Interest. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the three-dimensional structure of the Grit Scale fit the data well, with measurement invariance between the high school and university student groups. Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency coefficients of the total score and sub-dimensions of the scale were found as .87, .85, .84, and .75, respectively. Convergent validity was evaluated by calculating the zero-order correlation between the Grit Scale and Short Grit Scale and a significantly high positive correlation was found (r= .655, p< .001).

Assessing Computational Thinking, Motivation, and Grit of Undergraduate Students Using Educational Robots

“…To date, several researchers (Adanır et al, 2023;Fletcher et al, 2023;Schina et al, 2021) have provided an outlook on the factors that contribute to the significantly better performance of educational robots. Insights into this outlook were gained through the adoption of the multidimensional grit scale framework proposed by Kardas et al (2022). Among the three scales measuring students' grit, such as perseverance, commitment to goals, and consistency of interest, it was observed that students in the EG demonstrated significantly higher scores.…”

“…Grit scale. Kardas ¸et al (2022) developed the grit scale specifically for high school and university students and investigated the scale's measurement invariance across these two groups. The exploratory factor analysis identified a 14-item scale comprising three sub-dimensions: perseverance, commitment to goals, and consistency of interest.…”

“…Grit is considered a combination of persistence, passion, and effort toward long-term goals. It is also a complex trait that includes both cognitive and motivational components (Kardas et al, 2022). Duckworth et al (2007) defined grit as the combination of persistence, passion, and effort towards long-term goals, encompassing the following higher-order factors: (a) consistency of interest and (b) perseverance of effort.…”

“…Recent literature reviews (Fletcher et al, 2023; Ioannou & Makridou, 2018) have admitted the concept of having grit from multiple perspectives. Taking a positive perspective on unfavorable circumstances can inspire people to remain committed and driven toward achieving their goals (Clark & Malecki, 2019; Kardas et al, 2022).…”