Development and validation of the parental acceptance questionnaire (6-PAQ)

Greene, Ryan L.; Field, Clinton E.; Fargo, Jamison D.; Twohig, Michael P.

doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2015.05.003

Cited by 28 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Further studies should examine whether the enhancement of psychological flexibility may be observable in follow-up assessments. On the other hand, it is possible that the questionnaire used to assess psychological inflexibility, which mainly targeted one of its dimensions (i.e., experiential avoidance), may not have adequately captured changes in the different dimensions of this construct (e.g., cognitive fusion, lack of value clarity), particularly considering the parenting context (Greene et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Be a Mom, a Web-Based Intervention to Prevent Postpartum Depression: The Enhancement of Self-Regulatory Skills and Its Association With Postpartum Depressive Symptoms

et al. 2019

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Aim: Be a Mom is a self-guided, web-based intervention to prevent persistent postpartum depression symptoms [PPD], targeting both at-risk postpartum women and/or women presenting early-onset postpartum depressive symptoms (selective/indicated preventive intervention). Be a Mom is grounded on the principles of Cognitive-Behavior Therapy and incorporates the recent contributions of acceptance and compassion-based approaches (third-wave approaches) applied to the perinatal context. This study aimed to explore the processes underlying therapeutic change in the Be a Mom intervention, by: (1) exploring whether participation in the Be a Mom promotes the enhancement of self-regulatory skills (emotion regulation abilities, psychological flexibility and self-compassion) in comparison with women who did not participate in the program; and (2) exploring whether changes in self-regulatory skills are associated with changes in depressive symptoms, among women who participated in the Be a Mom program. Methods: A pilot randomized, two-arm controlled trial was conducted. Eligible women (presenting PPD risk-factors and/or early-onset PPD symptoms) were enrolled in the study and were randomly assigned to the intervention group (Be a Mom, n = 98) or to the waiting-list control group ( n = 96). Participants in both groups completed baseline (T1) and post-intervention assessments (T2), including measures of depressive symptoms, emotion regulation abilities, psychological flexibility and self-compassion. Results: From baseline to post-intervention assessment, women in the intervention group showed a significantly greater decrease in the levels of emotion regulation difficulties ( p < 0.001) and a significant greater increase in the levels of self-compassion ( p < 0.001) compared to the control group. No significant differences were found concerning psychological flexibility. Moreover, a greater decrease in difficulties in emotion regulation and greater increase in self-compassion levels were significantly associated with a greater decrease in depressive symptoms, among women in the intervention group. Discussion: Be a Mom promotes the enhancement of women’s emotion regulation abilities and self-compassion, and this seems to exert a protective effect in the presence of PPD risk factors (or early-onset symptoms) because it led to a reduction of depressive symptoms. By providing some insights into the processes that underlie treatment response to Be a Mom, this study highlights the important role of the targeted third-wave processes applied to the perinatal context.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Be a Mom, a Web-Based Intervention to Prevent Postpartum Depression: The Enhancement of Self-Regulatory Skills and Its Association With Postpartum Depressive Symptoms

et al. 2019

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“…Psychologically flexible parenting was measured by the Parental Acceptance Questionnaire (6-PAQ; Greene et al, 2015). The 6-PAQ was developed to measure the six core processes that constitute psychological flexibility applied to an interpersonal, parenting context.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In line with previous research (see Williams et al, 2012; Beeckman et al, 2018), items were reverse-scored so that higher total scores reflect higher psychologically flexible parenting. The 6-PAQ has been shown to be a psychometrically sound measure to assess psychological flexibility in the parenting of young, healthy children (3–12 years) (Greene et al, 2015). To the best of our knowledge, this was the first study to use the 6-PAQ to assess parenting-specific psychological flexibility in parents of adolescents (11–17 years) with chronic pain.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Parental acceptance of adolescent pain is a sub-component of psychological flexibility and the one that has garnered the greatest attention in the pediatric pain literature (e.g., Smith et al, 2015; Feinstein et al, 2018). In contrast, the six processes that constitute psychological flexibility in parents (i.e., acceptance, defusion, being present, self-as-context, values-based action, committed action; see also McCracken and Morley, 2014) and the role of psychological flexibility in parent-child interactions in particular (e.g., Greene et al, 2015; Wallace et al, 2015; Brassell et al, 2016) have received far less attention. Several studies indicate that parental psychological flexibility in the context of adolescent chronic pain is associated with lower levels of adolescent disability and depression (McCracken and Gauntlett-Gilbert, 2011; Smith et al, 2015; Wallace et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating How Parental Instructions and Protective Responses Mediate the Relationship Between Parental Psychological Flexibility and Pain-Related Behavior in Adolescents With Chronic Pain: A Daily Diary Study

et al. 2019

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BackgroundParental behavior can influence how well adolescents cope with chronic pain. Previous research has largely focused on how parents negatively impact adolescent functioning. Yet more recent work suggests that parents – and particularly parental psychological flexibility – can foster better adolescent pain-related functioning. In this study we examined if parental protective responses and instructions to engage in activities in the presence of pain mediate the impact of parental psychological flexibility and acceptance of adolescent pain on adolescents’ daily pain-related behavior.MethodFifty-six adolescents with chronic pain (Mage = 14.5 years, 86% girls) and one of their parents (93% mothers) were recruited at initial evaluation at two pediatric pain clinics in the US. Parents completed baseline questionnaires assessing psychologically flexible parenting and acceptance of adolescent pain. Next, parents and adolescents completed a 14-day self-report diary assessing adolescent activity-avoidance and activity-engagement in the presence of pain (adolescent report), and parental protective responses and instructions for their adolescent to engage in activities (parent report).ResultsPsychologically flexible parenting and acceptance of adolescent pain in parents were indirectly related to lower daily adolescent activity-avoidance, via their negative association with daily parental protective responses. Positive associations also emerged between baseline psychologically flexible parenting and overall levels of adolescent activity-engagement via its negative association with overall levels of parental protectiveness across the 14-day period. Psychologically flexible parenting and parental acceptance of adolescent pain were also indirectly related to daily decreases in adolescent activity-avoidance via their association with daily increases in parental activity-engagement instructions. These baseline parental resilience factors were also positively related to overall levels of parental engagement instructions, a route via which an indirect association with both higher overall activity-engagement as well as higher overall activity-avoidance in the adolescent was observed.ConclusionOur findings suggest an (indirect) adaptive role of parental psychological flexibility on adolescent daily pain-related behavior via its impact on parental protective behavior. If our findings replicate, they would suggest that these parental behaviors could be targeted in pain treatments that include both adolescents and their parents. Future research could further examine the impact of parental instructions on pain-related behavior in adolescents with chronic pain.

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“…The Parental Acceptance Questionnaire (6-PAQ) [ 74 ] was applied to assess parental psychological flexibility and three related behavioral styles: An open response style to the experience with acceptance and a full and flexible willingness (Open). A style that is fully aware of the present moment and has a perspective on their private events (Aware).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of a Web-Based Intervention on Parental Psychological Flexibility and Emotion Regulation: A Pilot Open Trial

Flujas-Contreras

García‐Palacios

Gómez

2021

IJERPH

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“Parenting Forest” is an informed contextual therapy parenting program for improving parental emotion regulation strategies and psychological flexibility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the preliminary effectiveness of a self-guided web-based intervention of the Parenting Forest program. The intervention program consists of six self-applied sequential modules that use strategies from contextual therapies for providing a parenting style open to experience, mindful and committed to its actions. A pilot controlled open trial was conducted. Eligible parents (n = 12) enrolled in the web-based intervention completed baseline (T1) and post-intervention (T2) assessment instruments. Parental psychological flexibility, avoidance, emotional regulation, parental stress, satisfaction with life, children’s psychological adjustment and client satisfaction were measured to assess the effects of the intervention. Mood, coping, and value-related actions were assessed as measures of progress. The results showed positive effects on the parents’ psychological flexibility and emotion regulation. Parents’ mood and coping skills improved throughout the intervention program. These results provide preliminary evidence of the web-based Parenting Forest’s efficacy, although further research is needed to assess its effectiveness for prevention and in clinical populations.

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Development and validation of the parental acceptance questionnaire (6-PAQ)

Cited by 28 publications

References 25 publications

Be a Mom, a Web-Based Intervention to Prevent Postpartum Depression: The Enhancement of Self-Regulatory Skills and Its Association With Postpartum Depressive Symptoms

Be a Mom, a Web-Based Intervention to Prevent Postpartum Depression: The Enhancement of Self-Regulatory Skills and Its Association With Postpartum Depressive Symptoms

Investigating How Parental Instructions and Protective Responses Mediate the Relationship Between Parental Psychological Flexibility and Pain-Related Behavior in Adolescents With Chronic Pain: A Daily Diary Study

Effectiveness of a Web-Based Intervention on Parental Psychological Flexibility and Emotion Regulation: A Pilot Open Trial

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