Development, Application, and Performance of Artificial Intelligence in Cephalometric Landmark Identification and Diagnosis: A Systematic Review

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the existing literature on how artificial intelligence is being used to support the identification of cephalometric landmarks. The systematic analysis of literature was carried out by performing an extensive search in PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Cochrane, Scopus, and Science Direct databases. Articles published in the last ten years were selected after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 17 full-text articles were systematically appraised. The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (CHSRI) and Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale (NOS) were adopted for quality analysis of the included studies. The artificial intelligence systems were mainly based on deep learning-based convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in the included studies. The majority of the studies proposed that AI-based automatic cephalometric analyses provide clinically acceptable diagnostic performance. They have worked remarkably well, with accuracy and precision similar to the trained orthodontist. Moreover, they can simplify cephalometric analysis and provide a quick outcome in practice. Therefore, they are of great benefit to orthodontists, as with these systems they can perform tasks more efficiently.

Alveolar bone exostoses following orthodontic treatment. Diagnostic considerations and clinical management

“…We hope to conduct additional research in the near future to determine the correlation of ABE formation on orthodontically treated subjects with a history of TM or TP, as well as to investigate the effects of biomechanical force magnitude, force direction, force type (intermittent, continuous), extent of tooth movement, and individual response on changes in alveolar bone thickness over time in different skeletal malocclusions 51,52 …”

A Survey to Assess Awareness and Knowledge on the Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Dentistry among Dental Teaching Faculty from Various Dental Colleges across India

“…The applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI), already showing its footprints in various dental speciality treatments which includes Radiology and diagnosis [15,16], Pediatric Dentistry [17]; Periodontics [18,19]; Implantology [20,21]; Maxillofacial Surgery [22]; Orthodontics [23][24][25]; Prosthodontics [2,[26][27][28][29]; Endodontics [30,31]; and Forensic Odontology [32]. The present study 67.6% participants of the opinion that AI based applications are already using in various dental specialities.…”

Deep Learning-based Assessment of Facial Asymmetry Using U-Net Deep Convolutional Neural Network Algorithm

“…Several studies on ANN in orthodontics have reported their results on automated cephalometric landmark identification 12,18–25 . Furthermore, commercial orthodontic products for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment evaluation are already in clinical use.…”

“…Several studies on ANN in orthodontics have reported their results on automated cephalometric landmark identification. 12,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] Furthermore, commercial orthodontic products for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment evaluation are already in clinical use. Clinicians can choose these AI products and benefit from orthodontic treatment and clinical practice.…”