Development, characterisation, and deployment of the SNO+ liquid scintillator

Anderson, Mark R.; Andringa, S.; Anselmo, Luciano; Arushanova, E.; Asahi, S.; Askins, M.; Auty, D. J.; Back, A.; Barnard, Z.; Barros, N.; Bartlett, D. T.; Barão, F.; Bayes, R.; Beier, E. W.; Białek, A.; Biller, S. D.; Blucher, E.; Bonventre, R.; Boulay, M. G.; Braid, D.; Caden, E.; Callaghan, E. J.; Caravaca, J.; Carvalho, J.; Cavalli, Luca; Chauhan, D.; Chen, M.; Chkvorets, O.; Clark, K.; Cleveland, B. T.; Cookman, D.; Connors, Cliff J.; Coulter, I. T.; Cox, M. A.; Cressy, David; Dai, Xiongxin; Darrach, C.; Davis-Purcell, B.; Deluce, C.; Depatie, M. M.; Descamps, F.; Dittmer, J.; Lodovico, F. Di; Duhaime, N.; Duncan, F. A.; Dunger, Jack; Earle, A.; Fabris, D.; Falk, E.; Farrugia, A.; Fatemighomi, N.; Fischer, V.; Fletcher, E.R.; Ford, R.; Frankiewicz, K.; Gagnon, N.; Gaur, Ankit; Gilje, K.; González-Reina, O. I.; Gooding, D.; Gorel, P.; Graham, K.; Grant, C.; Grove, J. E.; Grullon, S.; Guillian, E.; Hall, S.; Hallin, A. L.; Hallman, D.; Hans, S.; Hartnell, J.; Harvey, P. J.; Hedayatipour, M.; Heintzelman, W. J.; Heise, J.; Helmer, R. L.; Horne, D.F.; Hreljac, B.; Hu, Jun; Hussain, Safeer; Iida, Tsutomu; Inácio, A. S.; Jackson, C. M.; Jelley, N. A.; Jillings, C.; Jones, C. L.; Jones, P.; Kamdin, K.; Kaptanoglu, T.; Kašpar, J.; Keeter, K. J.; Kéfélian, C.; Khaghani, P.; Kippenbrock, L.; Klein, J.; Knapik, R.; Kofron, J.; Kormos, L. L.; Korte, Simon; Krar, B.; Kraus, C.; Krauss, C. B.; Kroupová, T.; Labe, K.; Lafleur, F.; Lam, I.; Lan, C.; Land, B. J.; Lane, R.; Langrock, S.; Latorre, A.; Lawson, I.; Lebanowski, L.; Lefeuvre, G.; Leming, E. J.; Li, A.; Lidgard, J.; Liggins, B.; Lin, Yen Hsun; Liu, X.; Liu, Y.; Lozza, V.; Luo, M.; Maguire, S.; Maio, A.; Majumdar, Krishanu; Manecki, S.; Maneira, J.; Martin, R. D.; Marzec, E.; Mastbaum, A.; Mauel, J.; McCauley, N.; McDonald, A. B.; Mekarski, Pawel; Meyer, M.; Miller, C.; Mills, C.; Mlejnek, Michal; Mony, E.; Morton-Blake, I.; Mottram, M.; Nae, S.; Nirkko, M.; Nolan, L. J.; Новіков, В. М.; O’Keeffe, H. M.; O’Sullivan, Erin; Gann, G. D. Orebi; Parnell, M. J.; Paton, J.; Peeters, S. J. M.; Pershing, T.; Petriw, Z.; Petzoldt, J.; Pickard, L.; Pracsovics, D.; Prior, G.; Prouty, J. C.; Quirk, Sarah; Reichold, A.; Riccetto, S.; Richardson, R.; Rigan, M. Yu.; Robertson, A. I.; Rose, J.; Rosero, R.; Rost, P. M.; Rumleskie, J.; Schumaker, M. A.; Schwendener, M. H.; Ścisłowski, D.; Secrest, J. A.; Seddighin, M.; Seguí, L.; Seibert, S.; Semenec, I.; Shaker, F.; Shantz, T.; Sharma, Manoj Kumar; Shokair, T. M.; Sibley, L.; Sinclair, J.; Singh, K.; Skensved, P.; Smiley, M.; Sonley, T. J.; Stainforth, R.; Strait, M.; Stringer, M.; Svoboda, R.; Sörensen, A; Tam, B.; Tatar, J.; Tian, Lichao; Tolich, N.; Tseng, J.; Tseung, H. Wan Chan; Turner, E.; Berg, R. Van; Veinot, J. G. C.; Virtue, C. J.; Krosigk, B. von; Vázquez‐Jáuregui, E.; Walker, John M.; Walker, M.; Walton, S. C.; Wang, J.; Ward, M.; Wasalski, O.; Waterfield, J.; Weigand, Jan J.; White, R.; Wilson, J. R.; Winchester, T.; Woosaree, P.; Wright, A.; Yañez, J. P.; Yeh, M.; Zhang, T.; Zhang, Y.; Zhao, T. C.; Zuber, Κ.; Zummo, A.

doi:10.1088/1748-0221/16/05/p05009

Cited by 30 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Nowadays, the most commonly used safe LS in large neutrino detectors is a mixture of LAB as solvent, PPO as fluor and a secondary WLS (typically bis-MSB or POPOP). The optical and PSD properties of LAB based LS were reported in many publications [28,29,30,31,32]. As for other solvents the LY starts to saturate at PPO concentrations of a few g/l [33,34].…”

Section: Safe Scintillatorsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Safe liquid scintillators for large scale detectors

Bonhomme¹,

Buck²,

B.³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Many experiments in particle physics, in particular in the field of neutrino searches, rely on organic liquid scintillators as target and detection material. The size of these detectors was continously growing in the last decades, up to the kiloton scale. In several cases these detectors are located at sites with enhanced safety requirements as underground laboratories or in the vicinity of nuclear reactors. Therefore, there is strong demand in liquids which are safe with respect to aspects as fire protection, human health or environmental pollution. In particular, properties as the flash point, the vapor pressure or the toxicity need to be significantly improved as compared to classical solvents such as xylene or pseudocumene. We present and compare the performance and optical properties of scintillators based on high flash point solvents. In particular polysiloxane based scintillators are characterized by outstanding properties in terms of safety.

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Section: Safe Scintillatorsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Safe liquid scintillators for large scale detectors

Bonhomme¹,

Buck²,

B.³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…In 2019 the water inside the AV started being replaced with liquid scintillator, consisting of linear alkylbenzene (LAB) as solvent and 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) as fluor. The development, characterization and deployment of the SNO+ liquid scintillator is documented in [9]. Due to the COVID-19 global pandemic, there was no access to the mine where SNOLAB is located for several months, and the scintillator fill had to be paused.…”

Section: Transition To the Scintillator Phase And Current Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Status and Prospects of the SNO+ Experiment

Inácio¹

2022

Proceedings of Particles and Nuclei International Conference 2021 — PoS(PANIC2021)

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SNO+ is a large volume liquid scintillator experiment for neutrino physics located at SNOLAB, Canada. Using the 12-m diameter acrylic vessel and the PMT array of the SNO detector, SNO+ has the primary physics goal of searching for the neutrinoless double-beta decay of the 130 Te isotope. Data collected will also be used to explore additional physics topics such as reactor antineutrino oscillations, solar neutrinos, geoneutrinos, and to search for exotic physics. SNO+ completed its first phase as a pure-water Cherenkov detector, which focused on detector commissioning and calibration, and published its first physics results. Currently, the detector is completely filled with liquid scintillator, to which 1.3 tonnes of 130 Te is expected to be loaded in late 2022.

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“…Cherenkov light provides information about the direction of charged particles in the medium with a cone-like topology. Scintillation light gives a high light yield and allows the detection of low energy charged particles below the Cherenkov threshold [9][10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Energy Neutrino Detection with a Portable Water-based Liquid Scintillator Detector

Bat,

Tiras,

Fischer

et al. 2021

Preprint

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In this study, the conceptual design and physics simulations of a near-field Water-based Liquid Scintillator (WbLS) detector placed 100 meters from the Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant (ANPP), currently under construction and aiming at being Turkey's first nuclear power plant, is presented. The ANPP is an excellent opportunity for neutrino studies and the development of an R&D program for neutrino detectors in Turkey. The Reactor Neutrino Experiments of Turkey (RNET) program includes a compact and portable detector with a 2.5-ton volume of WbLS and a ∼30% photo-coverage, and the program is planned to be expanded with a medium-size 30-ton detector that will be an international testbed for low energy neutrino studies for WbLS and new detector technologies. In the following, the focus will be on the smaller ∼2.5 ton detector, instrumented with 8-inch high quantum efficiency PMTs and two layers of cosmic veto paddles, covering all sides of the detector, to track and veto cosmic particles. Inverse Beta Decay (IBD) events from electronic antineutrinos generated in the reactor core are simulated using the RAT-PAC simulation package and several liquids with different percentages of Liquid Scintillator (LS) and Gadolinium (Gd) are investigated.

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Development, characterisation, and deployment of the SNO+ liquid scintillator

Cited by 30 publications

References 36 publications

Safe liquid scintillators for large scale detectors

Safe liquid scintillators for large scale detectors

Status and Prospects of the SNO+ Experiment

Low Energy Neutrino Detection with a Portable Water-based Liquid Scintillator Detector

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