Development, characterization, and principal component analysis of fish bone‐based fortified refined wheat flour tortilla and its organoleptic attributes

Abstract

This study aimed to develop nano‐sized‐biogenic hydroxyapatite (HAp) from fishbone; followed by calcination at 850°C. The core part of the research “ultra‐sonication” was done following different levels of operating variables. Characterization of resulted HAp was done using different techniques. FTIR spectra confirmed PO43− peak at 1031.77 cm−1. As per the findings of atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and particle size distribution (PSD), 128.04 ± 0.19 ppm calcium and 50–400 nm particle size were determined. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) confirmed agglomerated crystal lattice, whereas in XRD 2θ crystalline behavior was noted at 300 a.u. Laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) derived Ca/P‐Ratio was 1.69. HAp was further used to develop nano‐sized‐biogenic HAp fortified refined wheat flour tortillas with four formulations at 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% levels. Tortilla was characterized for moisture (%) and spread ratio lied within 6.20 ± 0.05 to 8.15 ± 0.83 and 5.95 ± 0.08 to 5.80 ± 0.03, respectively. Best average acceptance was seen in a formulation named NBio‐FB1 (0.2) which could thus prove a better choice for end‐users regarding the potential to eradicate calcium deficiency. Moreover, PCA underlined 74.82% total variance. Novelty impact statement The ultrasonic processing method was practiced to reduce the particle size of HAp obtained from the discarded fish bone. With Ca/P ratio of nano‐sized‐biogenic HAp was determined by LIBS. Moreover, fortification of tortillas with nano‐sized‐biogenic HAp powders developed from fishbone may play a role to improve bone health.

Hydroxyapatite fortified mango mousse: Formulation, characterization, and sensory data evaluation using fuzzy logic

“…These findings strongly support the potential of fish bone extracted nano‐biogenic HAp as an ingredient to increase calcium content in developed products reported by Liaqat et al. (2022).…”

“…In close agreement with these findings, the literature reported by Liaqat et al. (2022) suggested that Ca:P ratio was 1.69 in fish bone‐derived hydroxyapatite.…”

“…These nanoparticles have a larger surface area‐to‐volume ratio compared to raw GBP particles, which enhances their reactivity and solubility. The increased surface area allows for more efficient interactions with digestive enzymes and better dissolution in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to improved calcium absorption (Liaqat et al., 2022). These findings were in favor of previous scientific literature reported by Nawaz et al.…”

“…The criteria used for evaluation were based on the work of Liaqat et al. (2022) with little modifications. A similar protocol was followed as described earlier in the sensory evaluation section.…”