Development, growth and metabolic rate of <i>Hermetia illucens</i> larvae

Gligorescu, Anton; Toft, Sune; Hauggaard-Nielsen, Henrik; Axelsen, Jørgen Aagaard; Nielsen, Søren Achim

doi:10.1111/jen.12653

Cited by 38 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…This gradually drops from 4th to 6th instar and assimilation finally ceases before 7th instar. It is also observed in the works of [18], that the mouth parts of the larvae undergo morphological changes suggesting changes in feeding behavior.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 76%

“…In this section, firstly, the performance of the individual rate functions Eqs (6) to (10), (13) and (14) describing the influence of external factors on growth and development are presented. Secondly, performance of the combined dynamic model representing the growth Eq (4) and development Eq (5) are presented, highlighting the validity of the rate functions Eqs (17) and (18) for assimilation and maturation respectively. Finally, the dynamic growth and development model are validated using additional datasets.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The functions that are modelled in this work as cases or switching functions, Eqs (11), (12), (17) and (18), are realized as logistic functions in the actual implementation of the model in…”

Section: Implementation Of Switching Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comprehensive dynamic growth and development model of Hermetia illucens larvae

et al. 2020

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Larvae of Hermetia illucens, also commonly known as black soldier fly (BSF) have gained significant importance in the feed industry, primarily used as feed for aquaculture and other livestock farming. Mathematical models such as the Von Bertalanffy growth model and dynamic energy budget models are available for modelling the growth of various organisms but have their demerits for their application to the growth and development of BSF. Also, such dynamic models were not yet applied to the growth of the BSF larvae despite models proven to be useful for automation of industrial production process (e.g. feeding, heating/ cooling, ventilation, harvesting, etc.). This work primarily focuses on developing a model based on the principles of the afore mentioned models from literature that can provide accurate mathematical description of the dry mass changes throughout the life cycle and the transition of development phases of the larvae. To further improve the accuracy of these models, various factors affecting the growth and development such as temperature, feed quality, feeding rate, moisture content in feed, and airflow rate are developed and integrated into the dynamic growth model. An extensive set of data was aggregated from various literature and used for the model development, parameter estimation and validation. Models describing the environmental factors were individually validated based on the data sets collected. In addition, the dynamic growth model was also validated for dry mass evolution and development stage transition of larvae reared on different substrate feeding rates. The developed models with the estimated parameters performed well, highlighting their potential application in decision-support systems and automation for large scale production.

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Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comprehensive dynamic growth and development model of Hermetia illucens larvae

et al. 2020

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“…However, the increase in larval weight and development time is believed to be primely affected by alteration of substrate quality in case of one feeding. [32] The BSFL are known to have the highest feed intake during the latest stage of development during which reserves are accumulated as fats for ensuring successful metamorphosis to adults and for increasing the chance to reproduce [33]. However, in the case of low-quality substrates, as in the case of aged materials, the larvae are able to develop compensatory feeding in order to ensure that required nutrients for further development are ensured [32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production and Optimization of Hermetia illucens (L.) Larvae Reared on Food Waste and Utilized as Feed Ingredient

Gligorescu

Fischer

Larsen³

et al. 2020

Sustainability

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The feed sector requires new sustainable sources of protein, and at the same time better waste management practices are required to decrease and upcycle post-consumers’ food waste (catering and organic household waste), which is currently used for energy production or discharged as waste. The production of Hermetia illucens larvae (L.) (BSFL) was conducted in 15 batches at pilot scale. Furthermore, a feeding strategy experiment was conducted to optimize feedings and decrease handling, followed by a digestibility study for assessing the applicability of BSFL as a feed ingredient. About 190 kg of food waste was used to produce 79 kg of BSFL. The bioconversion of food waste into BSFL was found to be highly efficient, with feed conversion rate (FCR) values ranging between 1.7 and 3.6, when assessed on dry matter. The feeding experiment showed similar BSFL and insect frass production as well as similar FCR, revealing that a decrease in handling can be obtained if two feeding episodes are used. The digestibility of protein and fat was high at 86.2 and 90.4% and revealed that BSFL meal can be successfully used as a protein and fat source in feed for carnivore animals outside the food chain (e.g., pet food).

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“…Interestingly, BSF larvae were found in all BSF0HF2 replicates, but they did not develop to pre-pupae. The cause of this is unknown, but it is possible that BSFs were not able to meet their metabolic requirements for early larval development [35] before HFs arrived. In regard to weight, BSFs weighed 21-48% more when placed on fresh manure when compared to those placed on manure aged for two to four days (BSF2 and BSF4) ( Figure 7).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interspecific Competition between the House Fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) and Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) When Reared on Poultry Manure

Miranda¹,

Cammack²,

Tomberlin³

2019

Insects

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Few studies have examined the competitive interaction between the house fly (HF) and the black soldier fly (BSF). The fact that the BSF deters HF oviposition is widely cited in BSF literature, but this interaction has not been assessed in over three decades. In this study, the competitive interaction of BSF and HF larvae was observed on fresh (day 0) and aged poultry manure (manure aged for two, four, six, or eight days). Specifically, a priority effect study was conducted to determine if colonization sequence influences time to first pupariation (HF) or pre-pupation (BSF), survivorship, and weight. Results show >70% of HFs reached pupariation in all treatments except when placed on manure eight days after the initial inoculation with BSF. However, age of the resource negatively impacted time to first pupariation and puparium weight when HFs were reared alone or introduced two to eight days after BSF. No BSF pre-pupae resulted from treatments in which HFs were the pioneering species. BSFs reached the highest percent pre-pupation when reared alone on fresh manure, but BSFs may be more susceptible to the negative impacts of an aging resource, as no pre-pupae were observed when provided with six- or eight-day-old manure. Similar to HFs, age of the resource may have impacted development and survivorship; other factors such as moisture content, chemical composition, and amount of resource provided may have also impacted our results. These data may be useful in implementing BSFs as biological control agents of the HF, as well provide valuable information for facilities mass-producing HFs or BSFs for food or feed.

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Development, growth and metabolic rate of Hermetia illucens larvae

Cited by 38 publications

References 26 publications

A comprehensive dynamic growth and development model of Hermetia illucens larvae

A comprehensive dynamic growth and development model of Hermetia illucens larvae

Production and Optimization of Hermetia illucens (L.) Larvae Reared on Food Waste and Utilized as Feed Ingredient

Interspecific Competition between the House Fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) and Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) When Reared on Poultry Manure

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