Development of a 300,000-pixel ultrahigh-speed high-sensitivity CCD

Ohtake, Hiroshi; Hayashida, Tomohiro; Kitamura, Keiichi; Arai, Toshiki; Yonai, Jun; Tanioka, Kenkichi; Maruyama, Hirotaka; Etoh, Takeharu; Poggemann, D.; Ruckelshausen, Arno; Kuijk, Harry van; Bosiers, Jan T.

doi:10.1117/12.645371

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…[53][54][55][56][57] However that would require a nanosecond gating speed, sub-micron spatial resolution, and the corresponding high optical sensitivity. Dynamic transmission electron microscopy and time-resolved diffraction of X-rays 31,57 can even better provide direct imaging of the dynamics of an NB.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13,[46][47][48][49][50][51][52] There is a possibility of using a continuous light source and of capturing a short transient NB with highspeed image detectors. [53][54][55][56][57] However that would require a nanosecond gating speed, sub-micron spatial resolution, and the corresponding high optical sensitivity. Dynamic transmission electron microscopy and time-resolved diffraction of X-rays 31,57 can even better provide direct imaging of the dynamics of an NB.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Experimental techniques for imaging and measuring transient vapor nanobubbles

Lukianova‐Hleb

Lapotko

2012

Applied Physics Letters

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Imaging and measuring transient vapor bubbles at nanoscale pose certain experimental challenges due to their reduced dimensions and lifetimes, especially in a single event experiment. Here, we analyze three techniques that employ optical scattering and acoustic detection in identifying and quantifying individual photothermally induced vapor nanobubbles (NBs) at a wide range of excitation energies. In optically transparent media, the best quantitative detection can be achieved by measuring the duration of the optical scattering time-response, while in an opaque media, the amplitude of the acoustic time-response well describes NBs in the absence of stress waves. Transient thermal evaporation and the generation of vapor bubbles are one of the basic processes accompanying non-stationary high-temperature heat-and mass-transfer in liquids. The science and the methods for the detection of inertial vapor bubbles of various origins were well developed for macro-and micro-sized bubbles and mainly employ their ability to emit pressure and to scatter the incident light. Recent developments in nanoscience reduced the spatial and temporal scale of vapor bubbles to nanometers and nanoseconds. [7][8][9][10]23,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33] Unlike their larger analogs, vapor nanobubbles (NBs) require much higher sensitivity and resolution of the detection methods for their imaging, quantification, and identification among other phenomena, such as transient heating and the generation of stress waves. Here, we analyze several experimental techniques for the imaging and quantitative analysis of transient vapor nanobubbles as single events and we troubleshoot some related errors. Due to the multiple biomedical applications of NBs and related phenomena, [34][35][36][37][38] it should be noted that we consider the transient events, but not the materials (particles) that are often also called nanobubbles.39, 40 We also do not consider the cavitation of preexisting bubbles that is well studied elsewhere. 41 While NBs may have various sources of energy (the heating of liquid above the boiling threshold, local rarefaction, and plasma discharge), we employed an experimental model of a single NB in water. Such a model provides maximal precision, control, and reproducibility in NB generation through the localized transient photothermal heating of liquid above the evaporation point. This was achieved through the optical excitation of individual 60 nm gold nanospheres in water with single short laser pulses (70 ps and 532 nm) at specific fluences above the NB generation threshold. We used the plasmonic conversion of optical energy into heat to control the maximal diameter and lifetime of the NBs through the fluence of a single laser pulse, as described in detail previously. [8][9][10]33 This experimental model includes an internal metal nanoparticle (NP) that acts as the source of the bubble energy during bubble generation and prevents the development of extreme temperatures and sonoluminescence at the collapse stage, 8,42 unlike "classical" bu...

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Experimental techniques for imaging and measuring transient vapor nanobubbles

Lukianova‐Hleb

Lapotko

2012

Applied Physics Letters

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“…After the termination of the image-capturing operation, the image signals for 144 frames in the linear CCD storages are read out from the 300,000-pixel ultrahighspeed CCD. The main characteristics of the 300,000-pixel ultrahigh-speed CCD are listed in Table 1 4,5) . The frame rate, which depends on the transfer rate of the linear CCD storage, is up to 1,000,000 fps.…”

Section: Ultrahigh-speed Ccdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We previously developed an ultrahigh-speed color video camera 2, 3) with a 300,000-pixel ultrahigh-speed CCD 4,5) . The ultrahigh-speed CCD provides ultrahigh-speed operations and excellent sensitivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An ultrahigh-speed color video camera operating at 1,000,000 fps with 288 frame memories

et al. 2008

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We developed an ultrahigh-speed color video camera that operates at 1,000,000 fps (frames per second) and has the capacity to store 288 frame memories. The camera utilizes a beam splitter and two ultrahigh-speed 300,000-pixel CCDs (Charge Coupled Device), each having 144 frame memories. Each CCD is located at each of the two outputs of the beam splitter. The CCD driving block was developed to separately drive two CCDs, so that the recording period of the two CCDs is sequentially switched. This enabled the capture of 288 frames, an increase of a factor of 2 over that captured by our conventional ultrahigh-speed camera. A microlens array for the ultrahigh-speed CCDs was also developed to improve the light sensitivity. We fabricated a down-facing, cylindrical microlens array on the glass substrate using resinstamping technology. The microlens array increased the light sensitivity of the CCD by 2.2 times at the F-number 1.4. Using the beam splitter in conjunction with the microlens array, the ultrahigh-speed color video camera which enables to capture 288-frame images without decreasing the camera's light sensitivity has been successfully developed.

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“…These cameras have many applications in broadcast programming because such images can be played back as slow motion video. In earlier work, we developed a 300,000-pixel ultrahigh-speed CCD with a maximum frame rate of 1,000,000 frames per second [3] and ultrahigh-speed color camera mounting the ultrahigh-speed CCD with a Bayer color filter [4,5]. We demonstrated that the ultrahigh-speed camera became a powerful tool to enable new expression throughout sports broadcast or a scientific program.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Development of ultrahigh-speed CCD with maximum frame rate of 2 million frames per second

et al. 2011

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We developed a 300,000-pixel ultrahigh-speed CCD with a maximum frame rate of 2,000,000 frames per second. The shooting speed of the CCD was possible by directly connecting CCD memories, which record video images, to the photodiodes of individual pixels. The simultaneous parallel recording operation of all pixels results in the ultimate frame rate. We analyzed a voltage wave pattern in the equivalent circuit model of the ultrahigh-speed CCD by using a SPICE simulator to estimate the maximum frame rate. The pixel area was consisted of 410 and 720 pixels in the vertical and horizontal and divided into 8 blocks for parallel driving. An equivalent circuit of one block was constructed from an RC circuit with 410 × 90 pixels. The voltage wave pattern at the final stage of an equivalent circuit was calculated when a square wave pulse was input. Results showed that the square wave pulse became blunt when the driving speed was increased. After estimation, we designed the layout of the new ultrahigh-speed CCD V6 and fabricated the device. Results of an image capturing experiment indicated a saturation signal level of 100% that was maintained up to 300,000 frames per second. A saturation signal level of 50% was observed in 1,000,000 frames per second and of 13% in 2,000,000 frames per second. We showed that the maximum frame rate is dependent on a drop of the saturation signal level resulting from the driving voltage wave pattern becoming blunt.

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Development of a 300,000-pixel ultrahigh-speed high-sensitivity CCD

Cited by 11 publications

References 2 publications

Experimental techniques for imaging and measuring transient vapor nanobubbles

Experimental techniques for imaging and measuring transient vapor nanobubbles

An ultrahigh-speed color video camera operating at 1,000,000 fps with 288 frame memories

Development of ultrahigh-speed CCD with maximum frame rate of 2 million frames per second

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